About the teaching material has to look at - feed preparation technology
2, feed preparation technology and raw material selection points
We should formulate suckling pigs according to the nutritional needs of suckling pigs, master the preparation technology and characteristics of suckling pigs; the principles considered when selecting some raw materials are: stable supply, quality assurance and moderate price. For example, small peptide products are not very stable in quality and should be used with caution.
2.1 The key point of choosing energy feed
2.1.1 Corn is the preferred raw material.
The quality of corn requires a bulk density of over 700, no mold, and less broken particles. It is best to use about 50% of the corn (in the corn used), but not too much, otherwise the pig is easy to stick (for the pellets), which in turn affects palatability. There is no standard for puffed corn. Personal experience suggests that the puffed corn gelatinization rate is over 88%. The size of the broken corn is as small as 2.0 (the diameter is preferably 1.0 or less and preferably not more than 20%). Secondly, some wheat can be used, and the amount used is not more than 10%, and no additional wheat enzyme preparation can be used.
2.1.2 Whey powder, lactose, and sucrose.
Whey powder, lactose and sucrose are also high-quality energy sources for suckling pigs. The use of whey powder is the use of lactose. Therefore, the lactose content is very important. The milk protein is very effective, but it is not important for lactose. Sucrose can not only provide energy, but also Can improve palatability, suckling pigs have a preference for sucrose, and its effect is better than sodium saccharin products. When using these raw materials, they should be tempered and mixed. These raw materials are heat-sensitive raw materials, which are easy to coke. Coking has a negative effect on pig palatability.
2.1.3 Grease.
At present, the suckling pig feed uses oil. The best oil for suckling pigs is coconut oil, followed by soybean oil, corn oil, lard, butter and fish oil. Coconut oil is very expensive, soy oil is a more practical choice. After using a certain amount of puffed soybeans, no grease can be used. When using grease, be sure to pay attention to quality. Impurities, moisture, iodine value, acid value, and peroxide value are indicators that must be measured.
2.2 The key points of choosing protein feed
In the selection of protein materials in the suckling pig feed, the digestibility is the first criterion for the selection of protein raw materials, followed by the good amino acid ratio and content. The key amino acid is lysine. , sulfur-containing amino acids, threonine, tryptophan and histidine. Therefore, when selecting a protein raw material, it is preferable to select a raw material having a higher amino acid content and a reasonable ratio. At the same time, due to the restriction of feed intake of suckling pigs, it is necessary to find high-nutrient protein raw materials to save space. Under the premise of limited feed intake, the dairy pigs should be provided with diets with high nutrient concentration and good digestibility as much as possible, so as to ensure that they can obtain the ideal daily gain in the piglet stage and lay the foundation for the whole benefit.
2.2.1 Soy products.
Soy products are currently the most abundant source of protein. However, due to different processing techniques, the protein content of soy products in dairy pig feed is more selective:
1 Puffed soybeans are not only a source of soybean oil, but also a source of high-quality soy protein, but the amount of puffed soybeans should not be too much, generally not more than 15%. At present, there is no standard for puffed soybeans. Personally, urease is less than 0.05, and digestible protein is higher than 60%. It can be used.
2 cardamom, is a vegetable protein, its digestibility often does not meet the requirements of suckling pigs, but also contains certain anti-nutritional factors, but it is a common and suitable source of protein for suckling pigs;
3 Soy protein isolate, although its protein content is high, due to the use of low-temperature soybean meal, there may be a certain amount of anti-nutritional factors, so the process can be enzymatically degraded during processing; however, due to some products after enzyme degradation, It will produce bitter peptides and affect palatability. Therefore, on the one hand, it should be soluble on the one hand, and on the other hand, it should ensure better palatability. From the current application effect, it is very good, that is, the price is high;
4 Soy protein concentrate, soybean meal is soaked in hot alcohol, and some of the polysaccharides are removed, which is equivalent to enriching the protein, so its value is higher than that of common soybean meal, but its digestibility is still limited;
5 fermented soybean meal, soybean meal after fermentation, digestibility is greatly improved, protein content is also improved, anti-nutritional factors are destroyed. Therefore, fermented soybean meal may be the preferred raw material for future piglet feed, but because of the different fermentation strains and processes of different manufacturers, the value of milk piglets varies greatly, and caution should be used when using them. At present, the fermented soybean meal should not be used too much in the suckling pig material, otherwise it will have a negative effect.
2.2.2 Milk protein.
The main source of feed protein is high protein whey powder and whey protein concentrate WPC-34, which is second only to plasma protein powder in digestibility and amino acid composition. If calculated solely by protein content, its price is not lower than plasma protein powder. Nowadays it is used mostly for human consumption, and the supply is relatively limited, so it cannot be used in large quantities in feed.
2.2.3 Plasma protein powder.
Plasma protein powder has advantages in digestible absorption rate, amino acid composition and rate of degradation of small peptides, and is a high quality raw material for suckling pig protein. Especially for the homologous plasma protein powder, since it is rich in small peptides itself and is close to the pig in amino acid composition, the effect is better. However, due to the possibility of homologous diseases, the use of such raw materials should be cautious. In addition, its price is high, and the instability of supply also limits the normalization of use. If it is used, the dosage should be 3% to have a significant effect. It is best to use the US import.
2.2.4 Enteroprotein (DPS).
DPS is also a good source of suckling pig protein, and it works well with plasma protein powder. DPS not only provides high-quality protein, but also prevents weaning stress from harming the intestinal mucosa of suckling pigs. Similarly, care should be taken when using homologous diseases. At present, only the United States imports can be used, and its price is also high. In addition, channels and supply are still limited.
2.2.5 Fishmeal.
Fishmeal should be the most familiar high-quality protein raw material. When using it, it must measure the freshness, identify the degree of adulteration and the detection of physical and chemical indicators. Because the quality of fishmeal is really difficult to control, it is recommended not to use more, it is best to control below 2%.
2.2.6 Small peptide products.
At present, many small peptide products are used in suckling pig feed, and it is also the most popular thing in the field of feed nutrition research. Such products should be functional protein materials. Of course, there is still a period of maturity and stable use, which should be a high-quality protein source with bright prospects in the future.
2.2.7 The rest of the protein source.
For example, meat and bone meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, DDGS, etc. are still under study, and the dosage should be strictly limited.
2.3 Selection of feed additives
2.3.1 Pharmaceutical additives.
In China's breeding environment, the use of pharmaceutical additives in suckling pigs is necessary. According to the relevant regulations and announcements of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, the currently available pharmaceutical additives are virginiamycin, bacitracin zinc, and bacterium sulfate. , nosiheptide, agonist, enramexin, olaquindox, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, salinomycin, etc.
2.3.2 High copper and high zinc additives.
Do not use high zinc when using high copper; instead, high copper is not required when using high zinc. In addition, high copper, high zinc and pharmaceutical additives have synergistic effects. When used, the dosage of high copper and high zinc should not be too high, and it is not necessary, and it is easy to cause environmental pollution.
2.3.3 Enzyme preparations.
Enzyme preparations are very good things, and research applications are continuing to deepen. Since the broiler temperature of the suckling pig is not higher than 80 ° C, many enzyme preparations can be used. The application effect from many years shows that the effect of the composite enzyme is better than that of a single enzyme preparation (except phytase).
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