Briefly describe the development of copper and its future trends
This article mainly describes the development history of copper and its future trends.
1. Mining and mineral processing: Early copper production in the United States was concentrated in the western United States (arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Montana, andalaska), when copper was limited to mining rich copper-bearing minerals. The introduction of flotation at the end of the nineteenth century allowed people to extract copper and other metals (including gold and silver) from low-quality porphyritic ore. In the mid-1980s, a mining plant introduced a huge, efficient transportation system.
2. Flash Smelting: Evolving plating and smelting technologies have successfully improved the productivity and productivity of smelters, while also adapting to more stringent environmental constraints.
3. Electrolytic refining: In the past ten years, many refineries have used electrolytic refining methods to replace the primary pieces made of stainless steel or titanium with conventional copper. The deposited copper is separated from the stainless steel or titanium precursor by flexing with a cutter or by gas jetting. Since the automatic processing technology of the positive and negative electrodes is introduced into the electrolytic cell, a large amount of labor is also saved.
4. Solvent extraction: Traditional sulfide ore generally requires grinding, smelting and refining. Solvent extraction requires processing of low quality oxide ore at a lower price. In the first stage (filtration stage), acidic waste (dilute sulfuric acid) is distributed on a 60-foot-high mineral pile by an oscillating table, drip irrigation equipment or sprinkler (reporter). When it penetrates, it can Filter out through the dissolved copper heap. These copper-containing water and the overflowed filtration solution are discharged from the bottom of the mineral heap and then injected into a comprehensive pool from which it is pumped to the solution refinery. This flooded filtration solution is then mixed with a kerosene solution containing an organic chemical specifically for the extraction of copper. This organic substance containing copper, also called an organic load, is then mixed with a copper-containing sulfuric acid called an electrolyte or an aqueous solution. During mixing and precipitation, copper is converted from the organic solution to the aqueous solution, filtered and then pumped into an electrolysis chamber using electrowinning.
5. Electrolytic metallurgy: In the process of electrowinning, as in the process of electrorefining, the copper extracted from the electrolyte is stored for seven days and then placed in a copper negative electrode or a stainless steel master. The positive electrode is made of lead. After ten days, each of the original weights of about 1.7bs (7.7 grams of copper initials have become copper, weighing up to 200bs (90.8 grams of negative electrode. The resulting electrolytic copper negative meets the requirements of aSTMB115, about The specific specifications of electrolytic anode copper and electric copper are traded in the world metal trading market.
6. Copper activity: This shows the entire activity of the copper multi-copper mine or the recovered metal debris piles to the end market. During the operation of the copper rolling plant, metal alloys such as zinc, lead, tin and nickel were also introduced, which all comply with the aSTM regulations and comply with the B-2 Committee's legal procedures.
7. Constant casting: Perhaps the only major innovation in the copper industry in the past 100 years, from the perspective of trade and technology, is the introduction of continuous wire rod technology. Rods produced in this way are the most basic source of raw materials for the wire and cable industry. The changes in production technology are considerable, resulting in the replacement of conventional 250-1b (113.5-kg) wire rods with continuous wire ingot products worldwide. Continuous casting allows the weight of the coil to reach 10,000-1b (4,540-kg). Before the size of the coil is determined by the 250-1b wire ingot used for it, the size of the coil is only determined by the capacity of the processing equipment. limited. The negative electrode products received by the wire rod factory were essentially equal to those that were continuously cast, increasing from 2.5 million pounds in 1987 to nearly 3.5 million pounds in 1996. Continuously cast wire rods meet the specifications of aSTMB49, which is the specification for hot rolled copper tempering rods used in electric power. Continuous or semi-continuous casting is also used to produce casting blocks in order to reproduce them into discs, sheets, strips, or to produce them into continuous casting blocks, which are then sawn into billets. Become a transition product for the production of pipes, pipes and steel bars.
8. Technologically innovative products: More and more manufacturers have converted their multi-alloy, multi-product production lines into a single product line with a limited number of alloys. For example: pipe products, strip products and rod products, the production of these products are derived from the improvement of processing technology.
9. Analytical Control: Both the refinery and the copper mill benefit from the analytical configuration. This device can quickly determine the chemical composition of the molten metal in the holding furnace and control the incoming material before casting.
10. Seamless steel tubes: Advances in the production of seamless steel tubes for pipelines, cold shelters, medical air, natural gas and liquefied petroleum vapors have made copper the material of choice for residential, trade and industrial buildings. Historically, seamless copper tube production begins with a puncture process that turns a solid billet into an empty shell. The extruded shell with thin wall thickness was introduced to the market in the 1950s, when a large extruder was introduced, which had a higher extrusion speed. In addition, these housings are also suitable for cold drawing on cold drawing machines and cold drawing on larger unit weight roll box draw rolls on past cold drawing stations. A major advance in the design of cold drawing machines is the widespread use of rotators or continuous blocks on the pipe, a principle that has evolved from the wire industry. The high-speed combiner cleans, straightens, inspects, marks, and cuts the pipe according to a certain size, and then transfers the product to the strapping equipment according to the strict size, or rewinds the product for the purpose of using the cord. They can be annealed. The irregular wall thickness in aSTMB88 and the specifications of seamless copper water pipes have been converted to 0% a few years ago. People are now re-examining them on the basis of deep engineering evaluations. Seamless tubes for air conditioning applications are increasingly being produced by the Schumag program, during which a carbonized float is required for a straight through. This procedure improves the control of the wall thickness with a high degree of attention. Pipelines for medical and natural gas or LP gas applications require high internal surface cleanliness. This requirement is achieved by immersing the tube in a suitable chemical cleaner and then testing the tubular product by using the procedure specified in B819, which is specifically for medical air seamless copper tubing. B837, seamless copper tube for natural gas and liquefied petroleum vapor fuel distribution systems.
11. Welded Pipe: In the 1960s, welded copper and copper alloys produced from strip copper instead of filler metal became quite trade-oriented. The copper in the expense roll was consolidated in the next few steps. The shape of the tube is then soldered using one of several alternative methods. The main specifications are: aSTM447, welded copper tube and aSTMB543, and copper and copper alloy heat exchange tubes. The main advantages are: the opportunity to take advantage of the excess The capacity of rolled copper strips can produce a choice of pipe lengths without any metal waste, producing long winding coils for cooling and air conditioning, and other uses in gasoline and oil production lines. Wall thickness is another advantage. In residential applications, welded brass tubes are slowly and steadily growing in the use of pipes, sewers, buildings, and in the production of headboards, footboards and lampposts.
Enhanced Pipe Surface: The modified aSTMB359 specification, instantly available for copper and copper alloy seamless condenser and heat exchanger tubing with integrated heatsink, is designed for advanced surface condensers and other professional air conditioning equipment A similar specification for the application of welded pipe panels is also in the pipeline. Such pipes have their own internal or external surfaces, or both, which produce a reinforced surface by a cold forming process. , thereby improving the thermal conversion associated with nucleic acid salts. According to the 1995 Monroe agreement, the promotion of this development is actually a negation of the specific destruction of the olfactory oxygen layer refrigerant production like R11 and R12 worldwide. The refrigerants are R134 and R123, although they do not show any destructive behavior, but from a thermodynamic point of view, it is not very effective; therefore we need a pipeline with higher heat exchange characteristics.
13. Disc, sheet and strip products: These products were originally produced as direct chill casting blocks, increasing in size from the first 70001 bs to the current 55,0001 bs (3,200 kg to 25,000 kg). Metal quality and production efficiency have improved due to the production of large coils. The precise setting of the strip width limit, the freedom of burr setting, and other improvements have been basically standardized. There is also a strip annealing furnace that has been introduced into the production process to provide advanced particle size control, reduced demand, and reduced plant area compared to previous bell annealers. In domestic production plants, the rolling process has largely replaced the drawing process, thereby improving product quality and production efficiency. During World War II, the US copper industry made a less well-known contribution to the Manhattan project. At Tenn, OakRidge, a copper busbar is urgently needed in the refining facility for uranium 235. Since all copper is used for war, this requires a material with similar electrical conductivity. (The conductivity of silver is 104% IaCS, and the electrical conductivity of copper is 100% IaCS, so silver becomes a suitable replacement material.) There are about 700 million troy ounces of pure copper (equivalent to today's aSTMB413, which regulates silver, was borrowed from the US Treasury and then shipped to the US Metal Refining Company (USMR) in NJ Carteret, where it was remelted and then cast into a pure silver wire ingot. These ingots are then transported to PhelpsDodge;sElizabeth, NJ, where they are rolled into busbars (equivalent to today's aSTMB187 regulations for copper rods, bus bars, rods). In the late 1970s, the silver bus was removed from the service and transferred back to the USMR for melting, refining, and casting into ingots weighing 1,000 troy ounces before returning to the Treasury.
14. Copper rods: The brass and brass rod industry produced nearly 1.1 million pounds of brass and brass rods in 1996, and now the industry has introduced a semi-continuous mass of large-size extruded ingots. The casting method also increased the capacity of the extruder from 2,000 tons to 6,000 tons. This eliminates the drawbacks of the extrusion process and enables the production of large coils with higher production efficiency, and advances in production efficiency can be produced for multi-axis if combined with improved orthodontic equipment. A more advanced product used in the screw machine.
15. Copper wire: The natural diamond used for the die has been largely replaced by polycrystalline artificial diamonds. The ever-increasing die design improves surface conditions by greatly reducing surface oxides while also achieving high mechanical properties. Multi-wire wire drawing machines are now very common and are also equipped with high-grade lacquers, making them suitable for high temperature conductive applications. In magnetic wire applications, and because its temperature capability has improved, the size of the motor can be reduced.
16. Major Markets: A wide variety of copper alloys are now found in countless applications where they are the material of choice for merchants with their unique properties. Here are some of the main market uses:
1) Residential lines and other line products: Residential lines are the largest copper consumer market in the United States. In 1997, the use of copper was about 1.4 billion bs, accounting for 16.9% of all copper metal. The second largest copper market in the cable industry is magnetic wire, about 700 million bs. It is mainly used in motors, generators and transformers, which account for all copper wire products shipped.
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