Depth of China's shale gas industry development status and countermeasures

Shale gas is an important unconventional natural gas resource after coalbed methane and tight sandstone gas. It is an important supplement to conventional oil and gas resources. It has long mining life, long production cycle, short hydrocarbon migration distance and large gas-bearing area. . In recent years, with the increasing relationship between energy supply and demand, the continuous improvement of development technology and the urgent need to improve the structure of energy consumption, the shale gas development boom has been launched around the world. To promote shale gas development and industrial development, China listed shale gas as the 172nd new mineral in 2011.
During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China's shale gas industry has made gratifying progress in all aspects of the shale gas industry from its inception to large-scale commercial development. In the face of the 13th Five-Year Plan, China's shale gas industry urgently needs to solve problems such as resource evaluation, mining rights management and environmental supervision.

1 China's shale gas industry development status 1.1 shale gas resources have huge potential
From 2009 to the end of 2015, a number of authoritative organizations including the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the Ministry of Land and Resources of China successively conducted research on shale gas resource assessment in China.
1) EIA. Based on the 2011 resource assessment, EIA launched a new round of shale gas resource assessment in 2013 [2, 3]. The assessment area includes China's Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Songliao Basin, and Yangtze Platform. , Jianghan Basin and Subei Basin. The results show that China's shale gas geological resources are 134.4 trillion cubic meters, and the technical recoverable resources are 31.6 trillion cubic meters.
2) Ministry of Land and Resources of China. In 2009-2012, the Ministry of Land and Resources organized 27 units including domestic research institutes, related oil companies and universities to evaluate shale gas resources in 41 basins (or regions), 87 evaluation units, and 57 gas-bearing shale intervals. The Oil and Gas Resource Strategy Research Center is responsible for the specific implementation, and finally forms the national shale gas resource potential survey and evaluation and favorable results of favorable areas [4]. The results show that except for the Qinghai-Tibet region, China's shale gas geological resources are 134.42 trillion cubic meters, and the technical recoverable resources are 25.08 trillion cubic meters, which are distributed in the Upper Yangtze and the Guizhou-Guizhou region (technical and recoverable resources). The volume is 9.94 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 39.63% of the country, the same below), North China and Northeast China (6.70 trillion cubic meters, 26.70%), Middle and Lower Yangtze and Southeast (4.64 trillion cubic meters, 18.49%), Northwest District (3.81 trillion cubic meters, 15.19%).
3) Chinese Academy of Engineering. In 2012, the Chinese Academy of Engineering organized experts from the three major oil companies and academicians in the oil and gas field to evaluate China's marine shale gas resources. The results show that China's marine shale gas resources are mainly distributed in and around the Sichuan Basin, and the technical recoverable resources are 8.81 trillion cubic meters.
4) PetroChina. In 2014, based on the results of shale gas resource assessment by the Ministry of Land and Resources of China and the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2011-2013, combined with the latest exploration and development progress in key areas such as Chongqing Fuling, Pengshui and Yunnan Zhaotong in 2014, China National Petroleum Corporation reassessed Shale gas resources in key domestic regions [5, 6]. The results show that the amount of shale gas geological resources in China is 80.45 trillion cubic meters, and the technical recoverable resources are 12.85 trillion cubic meters. Among them, the recoverable resources of marine, land-continental and continental shale gas technologies are respectively 8.82 trillion cubic meters, 3.48 trillion cubic meters, 0.55 trillion cubic meters.
It can be seen that although there are some differences between the scope and assessment results of China's shale gas resources assessment, the potential of China's shale gas resources is huge, and marine shale gas resources are the main force.

1.2 Initial formation of four major shale gas production areas
At present, the exploration and development process of China's shale gas industry can be roughly divided into three stages. The first is the introduction stage. Before 2004, it mainly introduced and cited foreign shale gas basic theory, exploration and development experience and technology. The second is the basic research stage. From 2005 to 2008, the Chinese government, the three major oil companies and related universities began to conduct basic research on the geological characteristics of shale gas in China, providing a preliminary basis for China's shale gas resource assessment, demonstration area selection and commercial development. . The third is the exploration and development stage of the demonstration area. Since 2009, China has successively organized the national shale gas resource potential assessment, favorable zone optimization and exploration block bidding work, and made major breakthroughs in the Sichuan Basin and the Ordos Basin, initially forming China. The four major shale gas production areas, such as the petrochemical Fuling shale gas field, have a production capacity of more than 7 billion cubic meters per year.
1) Fuling shale gas field of Sinopec. In October 2015, the proven reserves of the Fuling shale gas field increased to 380.6 billion cubic meters, and the gas-bearing area expanded to 383.5 square kilometers, making it the largest shale gas field in the world except North America. On December 29, 2015, the Fuling shale gas field completed the first phase of production capacity of 5 billion cubic meters per year, becoming China's first national shale gas demonstration zone [7], and launched the second phase of 5 billion cubic meters per year. Capacity building. As of the end of August 2015, the gas field has accumulated 253 wells, 204 well completions, and 142 fractured production wells, with an accumulated gas production of 2.5 billion cubic meters.
2) Two gas producing areas of Changning and Weiyuan of PetroChina. Shortly after Sinopec built China's first national shale gas demonstration zone, on January 13, 2016, the daily production of shale gas in the national shale gas demonstration area of ​​Sichuan Changning-Weiyuan reached 7 million cubic meters, forming 2 billion cubic meters. The rice/year capacity indicates that PetroChina has built the company's first national shale gas demonstration zone [8]. The national shale gas demonstration zone consists of two gas producing blocks, Changning and Weiyuan. By the end of 2015, the Changning and Weiyuan gas-producing areas had completed 67 and 25 well drilling, and 61 wells and 14 wells were drilled. The average daily production was 143,000 cubic meters and 167,300 cubic meters, and the cumulative gas production reached 1.01 billion cubic meters. .
3) Yanchang Petroleum Group's shale gas production area in the Ordos Basin. At the end of 2014, the production area has completed a production capacity of 20 million cubic meters per year. It is expected that a capacity of 1 billion cubic meters per year will be built by the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan. The shale gas flow was obtained from many wells such as Liuzhou 177 and Yunzhang 2 in the shale gas production area of ​​the Ordos Basin, which confirmed that the production area has good prospects for exploration and development. Its resources are mainly continental shale gas types, and reservoirs are relatively shallow, but the general pressure coefficient is low and the output is low. As of October 2015, the production area has completed 59 wells, including 50 vertical wells, 6 horizontal wells and 3 cluster wells.
In the context of the sluggish crude oil price, compared with the development of shale gas by China Petroleum, Sinopec and Yanchang Petroleum, in view of the development of the western block of the Lower Yangtze in Wuhu, Anhui [9], CNOOC is on the domestic shale gas project. The strategy of stopping and watching and prudent investment was chosen. However, CNOOC said that shale gas projects in foreign countries will continue to be carried out in an orderly manner, and opportunities will be carefully watched in the future to continue the development of domestic shale gas.

1.3 Development technology and equipment are basically localized
Through the commercial development of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and the Ordos Basin, and the breakthrough in shale gas exploration and development in Henan and Inner Mongolia, China has initially mastered a series of exploration and development from shale gas geophysics to fracturing gas test. Technology, and formed a shale gas exploration and development engineering integration supporting technology, including well drilling mode, elastic toughness cement slurry system, oil-based drilling fluid system as the key drilling technology, transporting wells in long horizontal casing The logging and logging technology featuring regional logging is based on the fracturing gas test technology represented by the pumping bridge plug and perforation, and the high-efficiency fracturing technology of the well factory. The microseismic crack monitoring is based on the design of the microseismic observation system. Technology, ground engineering construction technology based on ring + branch cloth station and standardization construction.
China has also made encouraging progress in new technologies for shale gas exploration and development, including synchronous fracturing technology [11], high-performance water-based drilling fluid development [12] and waterless fracturing technology [13]. In August 2014, combined with the domestically produced bridge plug equipment and technology, Sinopec Fuling shale gas field successfully realized the simultaneous fracturing of single platform and 4 wells, and created a single-day sanding/addition of platform fracturing construction. The largest volume, the fastest speed and many other records have effectively improved the construction efficiency and greatly reduced the cost of fracturing construction. In June 2015, PetroChina independently developed a high-performance water-based drilling fluid for shale gas horizontal wells and successfully applied it to the Weiyuan-Changning demonstration area. The water-based drilling fluid is safe, environmentally friendly, low-cost and recyclable. With the advantages of utilization, it is expected to replace oil-based drilling fluids in the future. In October 2015, Yanchang Petroleum successfully implemented carbon dioxide dry fracturing in Yunjie 4 well, which created a precedent for domestic continental shale gas fracturing. This technology is currently only available to a few companies, with no water phase, fast Backflow and no residue.
The breakthrough progress in shale gas exploration and development has promoted the development of exploration and development equipment. At present, China's equipment in conventional fields such as drilling, downhole tools and fracturing equipment has been initially localized, and the application effect in the field is good. In the aspect of horizontal well technology equipment, we have developed a 1200-meter land deep well drilling rig and top drive unit, a while-resistance resistivity meter, a natural gamma meter while drilling, and supporting application software. In the aspect of increasing production technology equipment, a complete set of cementing equipment for wellsite construction with cementing pump and automatic mixing pump system as the core, and high-pressure high-power 2000/2500/3000 fracturing trucks suitable for China's oil and gas operations have been developed. Flow valve and well control gate valve are sub-fracturing tools such as ultra-high pressure and large displacement manifolds with superior control advantages, oil-water self-expanding packers and pumpable bridge plugs whose main performances have reached the international leading level.

1.4 Supporting pipe network construction or natural gas on-site utilization
Along with the progress of exploration and development of shale gas, China's shale gas supporting pipe network construction and comprehensive utilization projects have been implemented in a timely manner, realizing the vertical integration of exploration and development, pipe network construction and comprehensive utilization. In May 2015, Sinopec built China's first high-pressure, large-caliber shale gas pipeline (Fuling-Wangchang pipeline) in the Fuling shale gas field. The pipeline has a total length of 136.5 kilometers and a designed transmission volume of 6 billion cubic meters. In the year, the third atmospheric source was provided for the Sichuan-East Gas Pipeline, and the Sichuan-East Gas Pipeline formed a pattern of multi-gas source transportation of Fuling shale gas, Puguang and Yuanba natural gas. Combined with the exploration and development project planning of the Fuling shale gas field, the Fuling shale gas supporting pipe network is also speeding up the planning and construction. Four natural gas pipelines will be built by 2020 to connect the Fuling shale gas field (see Table 1) to realize shale gas pipelines. The organic combination of the net and the natural gas pipeline network.
PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company has built three shale gas pipelines for the Changning-Weiyuan National Demonstration Zone, with a total length of about 110 kilometers and a designed transmission volume of 3 billion cubic meters per year, combined with the aortic pages of Zhejiang Oilfield. The rock gas external pipeline can be used to inject the remaining shale gas into the Sichuan-Yunnan and the national natural gas backbone network through the Na'an Line, the Nanxi Double Line and the Converse Line.
For areas where the construction of the pipeline network is difficult for commercial development, the comprehensive utilization project of shale gas consumption in situ will have more obvious advantages. Taking the development of shale gas in Qilian County, Yibin, Sichuan Province as an example, the remote location of this area is not conducive to the construction of pipe network, and the shale gas wells in Qilian County have the characteristics of wide distribution, large quantity and low yield, shale gas business. Development is more difficult. In order to effectively utilize local shale gas resources and combine local shale gas mining characteristics, in April 2015, Sichuan Furuide Energy Development Co., Ltd. built three shale gas fixed gas power stations, with an average daily power generation of 4 At 10,000, it became China's first shale gas on-site power generation project.

1.5 Policies and standards are gradually improved
In order to encourage, accelerate, standardize and guide the development of shale gas industry, China National Energy Administration, Ministry of Finance, National Development and Reform Commission and local government agencies at all levels have successively issued the "Shale Gas Development Plan (2011-2015)", "Guidelines for the Exploration, Development and Utilization of Shale Gas in Jiangxi Province (2011-2020)", "Notice on Strengthening the Exploration and Supervision of Shale Gas Resources, Supervision and Management", "Shale Gas Development and Utilization Subsidy Policy", "Shale" Gas Industry Policy, Announcement on Issues Concerning the Development of Value-Added Taxes on Coalbed Methane Shale Gas in Oil and Gas Field Enterprises, Chongqing Municipal Shale Gas Industry Development Plan (2015-2020), and Financial Subsidy Policy on Development and Utilization of Shale Gas The Notice covers all aspects of resource management, financial incentives, market and price, infrastructure, technological research and external cooperation in the shale gas industry.
The shale oil and gas resources evaluation and exploration and development standard system is also gradually improved. At present, six technical standards have been formed, namely, “Methods for Determining Gas Content of Shale”, “Technical Specifications for Calculation and Evaluation of Shale Gas Resources/Reserves”, and “Pages”. "Calcitation Resources Evaluation and Evaluation Code", "Shale Gas Analysis Technology Method", "Shale Gas Investigation Ground Time-Frequency Electromagnetic Method Technical Regulations" and "Shale Gas Investigation Seismic Data Collection Technical Regulations". According to the China Shale Gas Resources Survey Report (2014) issued by the China Geological Survey in 2015, it is planned to establish 31 technical standards in 7 aspects in the future and continuously improve the standard system.

2 Major problems in the development of China's shale gas industry 2.1 Problems in short-term development
First, the shale gas resources have not been implemented, and the uncertainty is relatively large. By the end of 2014, the three major oil companies, Yanchang Petroleum and China United Coalbed Methane and other domestic enterprises had less than 1,000 drillings, and they were mainly concentrated in the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas, lacking systematic deep shale gas. Resource evaluation. In addition, the shale gas accumulation characteristics and enrichment laws of China are still unclear. The results of China's shale gas resources evaluation are quite different among many institutions. The technically exploitable resources and proven reserves are not implemented. Shale gas Resource uncertainty is greater.
Second, core development technologies and equipment are yet to be tackled. Technology is the foundation of enterprise survival and development. The large-scale commercial development of shale gas requires strong support from exploration and development technology and equipment. Through the introduction, learning, absorption and research, China has initially mastered a series of exploration and development technologies such as 3,500 m shallow horizontal well drilling and staged fracturing, and basically realized the equipment of 3000 type fracturing truck and movable drilling rig. Localization. However, core technologies and systems such as low-pressure and low-yield fracturing stimulation technology and resource evaluation are lacking [16], and individual supporting technologies and system complete sets of technical equipment must rely on imports, especially for deeper 3,500 meters deep in China. The core technology and equipment for shale gas exploration and development remains to be tackled.
Third, exploration and development is difficult and development costs are still high. Compared with the United States, China's shale gas geological conditions and surface conditions are complex, and there are problems such as difficulty in exploration and development, high development technology requirements, and high development costs [17]. At present, the average comprehensive cost of a single well in the Fuling shale gas field is 70 million to 85 million yuan, and the average comprehensive cost of a single well in the Changning-Weiyuan shale gas field is 65 million to 75 million yuan. The development cost is the average comprehensive cost of a single well in the United States. 2~3 times (about 30 million yuan).

2.2 Problems in medium and long-term development
First, water shortages and pollution, and environmental protection is difficult. The exploration and development of shale gas is known as single well, thousand tons of sand and Wanfang water. The water consumption of a single well is generally between 0.8 million and 100,000 cubic meters, with an average of about 15,000 cubic meters. The Wufeng Formation around the Sichuan Basin For example, in the Longmaxi Formation, the average single well water consumption is about 35,000 cubic meters, and the water consumption is relatively large. For most of China's shale gas development areas where water resources are scarce, large-scale shale gas resources exploration and development in the future will bring severe challenges to the local water environment, and the hydraulic fracturing process will generate a large number of fracturing and returning. Liquid, difficult to handle, may lead to more serious groundwater and surface water pollution. In addition, environmental pollution such as land occupation and pollution, geological disasters, and leakage of hydrocarbon gas such as methane cannot be ignored, and environmental protection is difficult.
Second, the construction and access mechanism of natural gas pipeline network needs to be improved. Although China has initially formed a gas supply pattern of West-East Gas Transmission, sea-air landing, and nearby supply, a natural gas transportation system with pipeline network, diversified gas sources, management automation, and gas storage supporting facilities has been constructed [20]. China's shale gas-rich areas are mostly concentrated in the central and western mountainous areas. The natural gas pipeline network infrastructure is still not perfect, and there are problems of difficult construction and high cost of the pipeline network, which restricts the large-scale production and external transportation of shale gas. China's natural gas pipeline network infrastructure is mainly built and operated by three major oil companies. Although the National Energy Administration issued the “Fair and Open Supervision and Control Measures for Oil and Gas Pipeline Facilities (Trial)” in 2014, it is required to implement fair and open natural gas pipeline facilities, but The approach is only to outline the framework requirements, and the third party has not yet achieved a fair third-party open access to the real gas pipeline network facilities. Therefore, the limited shale gas transmission in the remote mountainous areas will also increase the development cost of the shale gas investment entity.
Third, the price mechanism of the shale gas market is unreasonable and the market risk is large. In addition to the market pricing principle for shale gas, the shale gas market price-related pricing mechanism has not been introduced for the first time in the “Shale Gas Industry Policy”. At present, China’s shale gas still mainly refers to the pricing mechanism of domestic onshore conventional natural gas. That is, the market net value method is used for pricing. The price of non-residential gas distribution under the pricing mechanism is regulated by the government. The price of the gate station is linked to the price of alternative energy (fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas). The price dynamic adjustment period is too long to truly reflect the change in alternative energy prices. Although the government has continued to promote the residential gas price system in recent years, the natural gas price system has not fully considered the natural gas supply and demand and its economic laws. It has the characteristics of single price and no price difference, resulting in low gas prices for residents and industrial gas. The price forms an unreasonable huge price difference. Taking Beijing as an example, the price of the first-grade residential gas (2.28 yuan/m3) is only 48% of the price of LPG under the same calorific value, and the final consumer price is 1.37 yuan/m3 lower than the price of industrial gas. In addition, price fluctuations in alternative energy sources such as fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas will have an impact on shale gas prices and increase the investment risk of shale gas [23]. Since June 2014, international crude oil prices have continued to fall, and natural gas prices have been low, resulting in a sharp decline in shale gas development profits. This has caused a significant cooling effect on China's shale gas development boom and inhibited the entry of market capital. And exploration and development of shale gas. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the total output of shale gas in China was 5.718 billion cubic meters, which was 772 million cubic meters lower than the target (6.5 billion cubic meters). Among them, the output of China's oil shale gas in 2015 was about 1 billion cubic meters. The target is 1.6 billion cubic meters lower.
Fourth, geological data and information sharing mechanisms are immature. At present, China has initially established a shale gas geological data and information sharing mechanism, but the mechanism is still not perfect, it is difficult to apply it practically, and lack of relevant supervision, which is also a problem that has always existed in oil and gas exploration and development. After shale gas exploration and development enters the medium and long term, especially when more and more non-traditional oil and gas enterprises and small and medium-sized oil companies enter shale gas development, imperfect information sharing mechanism may cause repetitive investment in exploration and development work. It directly affects the efficiency and cost of shale gas exploration and development.
Fifth, the shale gas industry supervision is absent, and the government regulatory agencies are not coordinated. With the continuous development of the shale gas industry and the entry of investment entities, the shale gas industry poses enormous challenges to the government's regulatory capacity, covering mining rights, production, environment and markets. At present, the government supervision power of China's shale gas industry is weak, the system is not perfect, and relevant standards and norms are still blank. Taking environmental regulation as an example, on the one hand, there is still no pollution discharge standard for environmental management of shale gas in China; on the other hand, environmental assessment management of shale gas project has not been standardized, and environmental assessment classification requirements are not applicable, and the environment The evaluation of the timing of the intervention is not clear, the content and depth of the evaluation are not enough, and the evaluation methods are not perfect. The government regulatory agencies responsible for the development of the shale gas industry are decentralized and lack coordination and unified supervision. For example, the relevant departments of the Ministry of Environmental Protection are not involved in the development and discussion of shale gas and the formulation of policy plans.

3 Suggestions for promoting the healthy development of China's shale gas industry 3.1 Accelerate shale gas resource survey and strategic planning, and consolidate resource base
As soon as possible, the nationwide shale gas resources basic geological survey will be carried out, and the geological survey of organic mud shale will be focused on. Improve geological data and information sharing mechanisms, and update in time to ensure that shale gas investment companies have mastered the latest geological exploration progress. Using shale gas resource reserves calculation and evaluation technology, comprehensively comprehensively evaluate shale gas resources, accurately grasp the potential and distribution of shale gas resources, and optimize shale gas enrichment area and favorable target area. Based on the overall national strategy, we will coordinate the industrial chain of strategic exploration, development, production and market environment of shale gas resources, and focus on transmitting and guiding the development of shale gas industry through policies such as shale gas industry support and fiscal taxation by the central government and governments at all levels. Strategic planning and layout to protect national energy security and improve energy consumption structure.

3.2 Research-specific investment and special pilot zones have a two-pronged approach to form a shale gas industry development model with Chinese characteristics
Establish special investment in scientific research, focus on supporting research on shale gas exploration and development technology and equipment, strengthen the construction of national shale gas development research and development center and other key shale gas laboratories, and encourage domestic enterprises, research institutes, universities and other research institutions to pass Technical exchanges, joint research, and international cooperation will tackle the core technologies and equipment for shale gas exploration and development, and cultivate relevant high-level and specialized talents. Establish a special shale gas test area, explore and practice the entire industrial chain of exploration and development integration supporting technology, equipment manufacturing, infrastructure construction, operation system, market comprehensive utilization, etc., and form a healthy development model of shale gas industry with Chinese characteristics. The future development of China's shale gas industry provides valuable experience.

3.3 Implement the established support policies and cultivate a fair and open market competition environment in many aspects
Based on the policies such as the “Shale Gas Development and Utilization Subsidy Policy”, the company will formulate specific executable support policy documents and implement the established shale gas subsidies and other policies. On this basis, in order to cultivate a fair and open market competition environment, it is recommended to focus on the following aspects: First, promote the construction of infrastructure such as shale gas supporting pipe network through multiple channels, and formulate specific rules for the operation of pipe network access. We will improve measures such as pricing and management, establish pipeline access and information sharing platforms, and achieve fair and open access to natural gas pipeline facilities in real time. Secondly, innovative shale gas investment forms encourage social capital to participate in shale gas development in various ways such as equity transfer, project financing and joint venture cooperation. Thirdly, under the existing natural gas pricing mechanism, the gas price reform will be deepened, and the ex-factory price and door price of domestically produced unconventional gas will be gradually liberalized to form a reasonable market price and encourage the development of shale gas enterprises. Finally, cultivate the social technology equipment service market or divest the oil service company of state-owned oil companies, break the stalemate between technical equipment services and some investment entities, and guide the cultivation of a fair, open, healthy and orderly market operation system.

3.4 Formulate and improve environmental related technical standards and legal norms, and establish a unified and coordinated environmental regulatory agency
Considering the environmental risk factors arising from shale gas mining, with reference to foreign mature experience, China's shale gas industry needs to develop and improve environmentally relevant technical standards and legal norms. At the same time, establish and implement three simultaneous environmental monitoring systems for shale gas development, strengthen environmental impact monitoring of shale gas development, construct environmental assessment indicators for shale gas development, standardize shale gas project environmental assessment management, and develop shale gas development. Planning strategic environmental assessment; establishing a unified and coordinated environmental supervision organization, doing a good job of coordination between enterprise production and various hierarchical regulatory agencies, and achieving orderly environmental development of China's shale gas resources. (This article is excerpted from the article "International Petroleum Economy", No. 4, 2015, "China's shale gas industry development status and countermeasures", author Lu Zhengguang, China University of Petroleum (Beijing).

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