How to solve the dilemma of China's tungsten industry development?
2024-11-06 10:01:52
At the 2012 National Powder Metallurgy Injection Molding Symposium, a representative from Xiamen Honglu Tungsten & Molybdenum Industry Co., Ltd. pointed out: "At present, China's tungsten products are supplying 70% of the global demand." Insiders believe that China's tungsten resources and products It is possible to become the second rare earth in the future. “Three Firsts†provides resources for global guarantees. Tungsten is an important strategic metal. Its uses include mining, metallurgy, machinery, construction, military, aerospace, science and technology. At present, China's tungsten industry is called "three firsts." According to the US Geological Survey data, the world has proven tungsten reserves of 2.9 million tons (WO3 metal, the same below), reserves of 6.2 million tons; China's tungsten reserves of 1.8 million tons, reserves of 4.2 million tons, ranking first in the world. The first is the resource reserve. In the world's basic reserves of tungsten, China accounts for 35.5%, Canada and Russia each account for 15% and 13.5%, and the United States accounts for 6.5%. Among the global total tungsten consumption, China accounts for 37%, Europe accounts for 27%, the United States 15%, and Japan 11%. Therefore, 80% to 90% of the resources consumed by the global tungsten industry come from China. Production is the first. In 2011, the output of China's tungsten concentrate (tungsten trioxide, grade 65%) increased rapidly to 135,700 tons, an increase of 17.90%. In the first half of this year, tungsten concentrate production still maintained a relatively high growth rate. From January to June, the amount of tungsten concentrate in China (65% of tungsten trioxide) was 57,584.73 tons, with a cumulative growth rate of 16.40%. However, the price of tungsten concentrate has dropped to the level of the end of 2010. Export first. China uses 35.5% of tungsten mineral resources to meet the global demand of 70% to 80%, of which tungsten wire in the powder metallurgy industry supplies 70% of the world market. To put it bluntly, at night, every time there are 10 lights on the earth, there are 7 filaments produced in China. However, in recent years, except for China and Russia, which have more mining of tungsten concentrates, the United States has little or no domestic tungsten concentrates based on strategic reserves. Tungsten ore can be divided into scheelite and wolframite. Among the total reserves, scheelite accounts for 70%, but the ore grade is less than 0.4%, the ore composition is complex or the external conditions are not easy to develop and utilize up to 85%. The reserves of tungsten resources in Jiangxi Province are the second in the country, accounting for 39% of the country and 26% of the world. Among them, the reserves of high-quality hematite deposits account for about 70% of the same type of mines in the country and 60% of the world. It accounts for about 20% to 30% of the country and is the main producing area of ​​tungsten in China and even the world. Since the discovery of tungsten ore, China mainly mines black tungsten ore. The smelting process of tungsten is also based on black tungsten ore. After nearly a hundred years of mining, China's black tungsten resources have been nearly exhausted, and illegal mining has repeatedly banned resources. As the black tungsten ore is gradually depleted and the grade is declining, China will face difficulties in rationally utilizing resources and mining high-cost scheelite and black and white tungsten mixed mines. In 2002, the state suspended the issuance of tungsten mining licenses and implemented total production control of tungsten resources. However, the actual implementation results are quite different. Among them, the total amount of tungsten concentrate mining control index issued by China in 2010 was 66,480 tons, while the actual output was 115,097 tons, exceeding the total control of 73.13%; in 2011, the two figures were 87,000 tons and 135,700 tons respectively. Exceeding 55.98% of total control. In view of the above analysis, since 2009, relevant experts have made “three expectations†for the existing years of tungsten storage in China based on the survey situation and static and basic reserves: 10 years, 12 years, 23 years. Despite the inconsistent expected years, they are all worrying. The "four major contradictions" restrict the development of the tungsten industry chain. First, the resource utilization efficiency is low. China's tungsten resources are distributed in 21 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), and the reserves are highly concentrated. They are mainly concentrated in six provinces including Hunan, Jiangxi, Henan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian. The total proven reserves account for 75.9% of the country. China's tungsten ore has the characteristics of less rich ore, more lean ore and low grade. Among them, only 20% of the tungsten grade (WO3) is more than 0.5%; while in the recoverable reserves of tungsten ore, only about 2% of the grade is more than 0.5%, and most of them belong to lean ore. According to the statistics of 24 major tungsten mines of China Tungsten Industry Association, the recovery rate of black tungsten mine in 2009 was 87.19%, the lowest was 82.80%; the recovery rate of white tungsten mine was 77.23%, the lowest was 59.90%; The recovery rate of tungsten ore dressing is up to 59.92% and the lowest is 58.20%. Some scheelite ore recovery rates are only 40%. In recent years, a large number of large-scale scheelite and black and white tungsten mixed ore beneficiation plants have been built in China, and the recovery rate of ore dressing is much lower than that of black tungsten ore. Some enterprises have invested in the development and utilization of tungsten-containing tailings, tungsten slag, and recycling of waste tungsten scrap; some low-grade tungsten deposits have also been established and mined, resulting in a decline in the average tungsten ore dressing recovery rate in China. The second is to export low-end products. China's exports of tungsten products are still dominated by primary processed products. In 2010, the total export volume of tungsten products in China was 30031.58 tons, including 160.25 tons of tungsten ore and concentrate, 5779.10 tons of tungsten trioxide, 5,560.52 tons of unoxidized and tungsten hydroxide, 5475.33 tons of ammonium paratungstate, tungsten powder and tungsten carbide. 5518.53 tons, 2,397.45 tons of tungsten. In 2011, China exported 2,7537.2 tons of tungsten products, a year-on-year increase of 5.87%. Among them, exports of tungsten concentrate, tungsten trioxide, ammonium paratungstate, sodium tungstate, tungsten carbide, tungsten iron, unwrought tungsten, tungsten wire and other tungsten products have declined to varying degrees year-on-year; only tungstic acid, not listed Exports of tungsten oxides, hydroxides and mixtures have increased significantly year-on-year. Third, the contradiction of low-end domestic consumption is prominent. For example, domestic cemented carbide companies produce more than 4,000 tons of cemented carbide per year, but their sales revenue is only half of the annual sales of more than 300 tons of high-performance cemented carbide for foreign carbide companies. For example, in the domestically produced tools consumed in China in 2011, high-speed steel tools are about 69%, and hard alloy tools only account for about 28%. In the world's industries, the proportion of tool consumption is 35% for high-speed steel tools, 10% for diamond and cubic boron nitride tools, and the remaining parts for welded carbide tools and solid carbide. According to the relevant industry plan, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, the high-end market share of domestically produced high-efficiency tools will increase from the current 15% to 30% to 40%, but there is still a gap with the advanced level of developed countries. Fourth, the pricing power of the international market is low. In the international market, supply shortages, when China's tungsten industry is preparing to raise prices, the relevant countries have thrown out reserves to suppress the price of tungsten, so that the pressured Chinese enterprises are forced to cut prices again in order to survive, while other countries take the opportunity to import a large number of strategic reserves to form. Vicious circle. At the same time, the gap between China's tungsten product export prices and import prices is large. In 2011, the average annual average price of imported tungsten products in China was 1.84 times the average annual average price of exported tungsten products. "Five recommendations" rumors Tungsten industry development direction Industry experts called for the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China's tungsten industry should follow the requirements of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, to control the total amount, eliminate backward production capacity, and strengthen technological transformation Focus on resource integration and enterprise restructuring, promote industrial restructuring, optimization and upgrading; make full use of both domestic and overseas resources, focus on recycling, vigorously develop circular economy, improve resource support capacity and comprehensive utilization of resources, and strive to reduce The gap with advanced foreign companies, correctly handle the current relationship with the long-term, local and overall, resource development and environmental protection, and coordinate the task of exploration, development, utilization and protection of tungsten resources to promote the comprehensive and sustainable development of China's tungsten industry. Total control to curb over-exploitation. From 2001 to 2009, China's tungsten reserves decreased by 405,100 tons, a decrease of 30%; basic reserves decreased by 1,784,400 tons, a decrease of 43.3%. In 2010 and 2011, China's tungsten resources exceeded 73.13% and 55.98% respectively. China proposes that by 2015, the total production of tungsten concentrate (mainly tungsten ore) will be controlled within 80,000 tons; the optimization and upgrading of products will be promoted, and the total export volume of tungsten products will be controlled within 30,000 tons. Save resources and increase recovery rates. By 2015, the average mining recovery rate of tungsten mines in China is 90%, the ore recovery rate is 80%, and the comprehensive utilization rate of resources is over 72%. The average ore dressing recovery rate of black tungsten ore reaches 84%, and strives to reach 86%; the average ore dressing recovery rate of scheelite reaches 74%, and strives to reach 76%; the average ore dressing recovery rate of black and white mixed tungsten reaches 60%, and strives to reach 62%. At the same time, the low-grade ore and beneficiation tailings accumulated over many years of mining are effectively protected and reused after the technological level is upgraded. Adjust policies and optimize structure. The technical reform project for tungsten should be strictly examined and approved to prevent low-level redundant construction projects from being launched blindly. Focus on the development of high-tech content, high value-added products, promote industrial restructuring, product optimization and upgrading and resource integration, promote the development of tungsten enterprise group, and establish a large-scale tungsten enterprise group with international competitiveness. Improve the level of comprehensive utilization of resources. Small-scale tungsten mining enterprises pursue short-term interests, and it is more common to adopt abundance and abandonment of poverty, mining and abandonment, and easy to abandon. Only tungsten concentrates are recovered, and most of the other valuable metals associated with them are not recovered. Some enterprises have not built or used tailings ponds, and the grades of tungsten and valuable metals in discarded tailings are high, resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution. Establish a specialized research institute for waste tungsten resources to promote the recycling of secondary tungsten resources. Research and development of low-cost, high-quality, high-grade and high-purity recycled tungsten technology. The resource reserve and product reserve and reserve mechanism is a macroscopic and indirect market regulation policy with low operating costs, remarkable control effects, can play a role in a short period of time, and has greater policy flexibility and influence on market-related stakeholders. More moderate. If the reserve policy is implemented in conjunction with other industrial policies, it can effectively regulate the production and operation order of the tungsten product market, promote the comprehensive development and utilization of tungsten resources and the long-term healthy development of the tungsten industry.
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