What is a heavy obstacle? Why do you want to make a rotation? Basic principles of vegetable rotation
Rotation refers to the systematic rotation of different types of crops and different types of multiple crops in a sequence on the same ground. Rotation is a biological measure that combines land and land. Common crops include cereal crops, crop rotation, grain and cash crop rotation, water and drought rotation, and grass crop rotation.
Planting a crop or a multiple cropping form on the same piece of land for a long time is called continuous cropping. It is also called heavy cropping. The hazard of heavy hoe is often better than continuous cropping; These can lead to reduced production, such as disease, soil nutrient imbalance, soil ecological deterioration. Therefore, in order to achieve continuous high yield and quality of crops, it is necessary to implement a rotation:
1) Rotation can balance the use of nutrients in the soil and combine the land and the land.
2) It can change the ecological conditions of farmland, improve soil physical and chemical properties, and increase biodiversity.
3) Exempt and reduce the hazards of certain pests and diseases that are unique to continuous cropping. Using the sterilizing hormone secreted from the roots of the former crops, it can inhibit the occurrence of diseases on the crops. For example, root exudates such as sugar beet, carrot, onion and garlic can inhibit the late blight of potato, and the secretion of wheat root can inhibit the growth of thatch. .
4) Reasonable rotation, due to the deterioration of food conditions and the reduction of hosts, the number of pests with strong parasitism, single host plant species and small migration ability died in large numbers. Pathogens that are not highly virulent, such as Phytophthora infestans, cannot continue to multiply because they do not have host plants.
5) Rotation can promote the activity of microorganisms that antagonize pathogens in the soil, thereby inhibiting the growth of pathogens.
The basic principle of vegetable rotation:
★ Determine the rotation mode according to the characteristics of the pathogen
For example, the host of Verticillium spp. has a wide range of hosts. Cotton and Solanaceae plants such as potato and eggplant crops will become heavier and heavier because they are the hosts of Verticillium. Different pests and diseases live in the soil of the crop at different times, and the years of rotation are also different.
★Select vegetables with strong resistance to pests and diseases for rotation
If you do not need or use less pesticides, there are:
Dioscorea: yam, Japanese yam, taro;
藜科: spinach, beet, soda ash;
Umbelliferae: carrots, cress, parsley, celery, fennel, parsley, etc.;
Compositae: Burdock, Lettuce, Artemisia
Labiatae: Perilla, Mint;
Jiang Ke: Jiang;
Convolvulaceae: sweet potato;
Liliaceae: amaranth, garlic, green onions, onions, cypress, lily, etc.
★Use the time and space difference to make a rotation
Such as legumes (peas, broad beans, adzuki beans, peanuts, soybeans, kidney beans, kidney beans, lentils, beans), cruciferae (cabbage, cabbage, radish, indigo, mustard, rape), such as the choice of cold areas, high altitude It can be produced in the region or in the cool season of spring and winter. It can produce high quality vegetables without pesticides or pesticides.
★ Evaluation of crop sputum characteristics
The characteristics of the mouthwash refers to the physical and chemical properties of the soil after planting a certain crop, which is reflected in the effect of the post-production. It is the crystallization of the biological characteristics of the crop and its farming techniques on the soil and the crop. Due to the different characteristics of the mouthwash, it is directly Or indirectly affect the growth and development of the sputum and the level of yield. Therefore, mastering the characteristics of various crops is the basis for a good rotation plan.
(1) Legume crops: including edible bean crops, legume feed, and green manure, which are biological nitrogen-fixing crops, with 5-10 kg of soybean nitrogen per mu, 3.5-9.5 kg of broad beans, 3.7 kg of adzuki beans, and 3-6 kg of kidney beans. , mung bean 5-7.5 kg, pea 5-5.5 kg, cowpea 5-15 kg. The nitrogen fixation rate of Rhizobium can provide 50%-75% of the total nitrogen required for the life of legumes. When the organic fertilizer is applied in the early stage, the demand for nitrogen in the life of the beans can be fully satisfied. Bean crops have more roots and exfoliation, loose soil and high nitrogen content in the soil, which is a good forehead of leafy vegetables and fruits and vegetables. The legume green manure fresh grass has a nitrogen content of about 0.5%, a phosphorus content of 0.07%-0.15%, and a potassium content of 0.15%-0.98%. It can be used as a vegetable (a bud of a young plant) and can be used as a feed. It can directly return to Tiantian fertilizer, which is a pioneer crop for fertilizing soil and can be planted or dumped with other vegetables that require more fertilizer.
(2) Root and tuber crops are most difficult to be continuous cropping, and there are more pests and diseases after continuous cropping. However, most of these crops are ridges. They like to loosen the soil. After shaving, the soil can be loosened and matured. It is a good foreseeable for many vegetables.
★Select the kind of distant relatives
For example, vegetables can be divided into leafy vegetables, melons, fruits and vegetables, root vegetables and beans. Can be pressed: lettuce - cucumber; beans - white radish - tomato tart and so on.
★Rotation of deep roots and shallow roots
Different root distribution, absorption of nutrients in soil of different depths, such as tomato - cabbage.
★The following crops are not suitable for rotation or intercropping
a. From the taxonomy, the same vegetables should not be rotated, such as tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and sweet peppers.
b. Cabbage, cabbage, broccoli, broccoli, white radish, cherry radish and leeks.
c. Onions, green onions, leeks, garlic.
d. Carrots and celery.
e. Various beans.
f. Various melons.
Common vegetable rotation characteristics:
Cucumber: Most of the spring cucumbers are autumn vegetables or spring vegetables and winter vegetables. After the glutinous rice, a variety of autumn vegetables, summer and autumn cucumbers are suitable for all kinds of spring and summer vegetables, and the glutinous rice is suitable for winter vegetables or spring vegetables. Cucumber and tomato inhibit each other and should not be rotated or interplanted.
Tomato: 3 to 5 years of rotation, not continuous with Solanaceae crops, the former is a variety of leafy vegetables and root vegetables, the latter can also be leafy and root vegetables, and short-stalk crops or vegetables, interplanting, such as edamame, cabbage, Bulbs of fennel, onions, garlic, etc. Autumn shed tomato, set of small dishes can lower the temperature. Interplanting sweet corn in tomato can induce moth spawning and eliminate it centrally.
Eggplant: It is a winter leafy vegetable. It can also be mixed with early-growing cabbage, early-ripening cabbage, spring radish, water radish, cherry radish and other short-term vegetables. Later, you can plant Chinese cabbage and other autumn vegetables.
Chili: It is not suitable for continuous cropping with Solanaceae crops, and intercropping with short-stalk crops such as leafy vegetables, root vegetables and peanuts.
Melon: Avoid continuous cropping. Continuously for 3-5 years, avoid contact with other melons or old vegetable gardens. It is best to use melon as the front and back leaf, and the later leafy vegetables can obviously increase yield.
Beans: including beans, peas, peas, sweet and crisp beans, beans, etc. should not be used for continuous cropping. For more than 3 years, the former glutinous rice is autumn and winter vegetables or leisure land, and the food crops such as open field vegetables, rice, corn, peanuts, etc. can be used as front and back. . The spring sorghum in the south is spring radish, spinach and other spring scallions, and the later vegetables are mainly wintering spinach, celery, Chinese cabbage and autumn cabbage. In the south, it is autumn potato, radish cabbage, sauerkraut, kale, and cabbage. It is particularly suitable for intercropping with high stalk crops in the north.
Radish: Autumn and winter radish garnished with melons, solanes, beans, beans, early spring radish for spinach, celery, cabbage, autumn lettuce and carrots; four seasons radish can be interspersed with pumpkins.
Autumn and winter carrots: Most of the former crops are wheat, spring cabbage, spring cabbage, beans and so on. The later crops can be inoculated with wheat, onions, spring cabbage, green onions, potatoes, and the like.
Spring sowing carrots: Most of the front stalks are autumn cabbage, green onions, winter cabbage, spinach, and later vegetables are mostly cabbage, cabbage, celery, spinach, autumn green beans, autumn cucumber and so on.
Turnip: The former melons, beans, solanaceous fruits and potatoes, 2-3 years of rotation, not with other cruciferous vegetables.
Potato: The front is scallions and garlic, followed by cereal crops and soybeans. Solanaceae crops should not be rotated together. It is also not advisable to rotate with root vegetables. When interplanting with other crops, attention should be paid to: (1) early maturity and short plant varieties should be selected; (2) the symbiotic period should be shortened as soon as possible, and the product organs should be staggered at the peak; (3) less competition for temperature, light, water, fertilizer and impact management .
Dioscorea: In spring, it can be intercropped with leafy vegetables, cabbage, wheat and beans. In summer, it can be planted with solanaceous fruits and melons. In autumn, cold-tolerant vegetables can be interplanted, and 2-3 years of rotation.
Green onions: the most difficult to continue. It takes more than three years to rotate, and it is rotated with grain crops to cultivate Chinese cabbage and melon vegetables. The radish is grown early in the period before the growth of the onion, and the wintering crops such as spinach are planted in the later stage.
Onion: It is a good foreseeable crop of autumn melon and fruit vegetables. It is intercropped with melon and fruit vegetables such as tomato and melon, or interplanted with lettuce, season radish, dwarf kidney bean, bulb fennel and eggplant.
Garlic: The most common crop, or with other allium plants. The front of the autumn sowing garlic is best for the early ripening beans, melons, solanaceous fruits and potatoes; the spring sowing garlic is the best for autumn beans, melons, pumpkins and solanaceous fruits; it is a good front for other crops.
Chinese cabbage: Rotating with rice; not suitable for continuous cropping and rotation with other cruciferous crops. In the rotation: (1) select vegetables with early harvesting such as solanaceous fruits; (2) vegetables with more fertilization before harvesting such as cucumber and watermelon; (3) onion and garlic for pre-production, which can reduce pests and diseases. Chinese cabbage is grown on amaranth or garlic ridges, and the disease is significantly reduced.
Chinese cabbage and sauerkraut: can be rotated with melons, beans, root vegetables and field crops. Spring planting can be interplanted with solanaceous fruits, beans, melons, and yam. Summer and autumn vegetables can be mixed with celery, sage, and carrot. Autumn and early autumn cabbage can be interplanted with broccoli, cabbage, and autumn potatoes. Winter and spring cabbage, lettuce and other intercropping.
Cabbage: The former is mainly melon and beans, and avoids continuous cropping. The open field can be intercropped with tall stalk crops such as corn. It can be intercropped with elevated vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers and beans.
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