Principles and measures for fertilization of green vegetables
2022-12-12 23:05:00
With the improvement of people's living standards, green vegetables with no pollution, high quality and high nutrition are more and more favored by consumers. The production of green pollution-free vegetables has become the development direction of vegetable production. The production of green vegetables should not only pay attention to the use of water and pesticides, but also strict requirements on the types, dosages and methods of fertilizers.
First, the principle of fertilization
In vegetable production, there are two ways for fertilizer to cause pollution to vegetables. One is the harmful toxic substances contained in the fertilizer, such as pathogens, parasite eggs, poisonous gas, heavy metals, etc. The second is the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to cause nitrates in vegetables. Accumulation in the body. Therefore, the application of fertilizer in green vegetable production should adhere to the following principles: organic fertilizer, supplemented by other fertilizers; base fertilizer, supplemented with topdressing; multi-element compound fertilizer, supplemented by single-element fertilizer.
Second, the type of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer: Organic fertilizer is the preferred fertilizer for the production of green vegetables. It has the advantages of long fertilizer efficiency, stable fertilizer, small fertilizer and other fertilizers, such as compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, cake fertilizer, green manure, mud fertilizer, crop straw, etc. .
2. Fertilizer: The production of green vegetables restricts the application of chemical fertilizers in principle. If it is really needed in the production process, it must be applied scientifically. The chemical fertilizers that can be used for green vegetable production include urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, mineral potassium, and superphosphate.
3. Biological bacterial fertilizer: Biological bacterial fertilizer has both long-acting effect of organic fertilizer and quick-acting effect of chemical fertilizer, and can reduce nitrate content in vegetables, improve vegetable quality and improve soil properties. Therefore, green vegetable production should actively promote the use of biological organisms. Fertilizer, such as rhizobium fertilizer, phosphorus bacterial fertilizer, active potassium fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing bacterial fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, complex microorganisms and humic acid fertilizer.
4. Inorganic mineral fertilizers: such as mineral potassium fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer.
5. Trace element fertilizer: a fertilizer formulated mainly from trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese and boron.
Third, fertilization measures 1. Re-application of organic fertilizer, less fertilizer application: sufficient organic fertilizer, can continue to supply the demand for nutrients throughout the growing period of vegetables, is conducive to the improvement of vegetable quality. Crop straw and livestock manure should be added to the fermenting agent and fermented at high temperature to make it fully decomposed before being applied to the vegetable field. During the fermentation, the fresh manure is put into a plastic bag, stacked or placed in a cylinder, and hot water is sealed, and naturally fermented at an ambient humidity of 15 ° C or higher, during the fermentation process and between 45 ° C. The addition of the quick-curing agent to the crop straw can be directly returned to the field, but after pulverizing it, the heap rot fermentation effect is better. The method of composting is to add 1-2kg of quick-killing agent per 100kg of crushed straw. After stacking, the surface is sealed with mud, and it is generally about 20 days to become fat.
2. Re-applying base fertilizer, less applied top dressing: Practice has proved that under the same base fertilizer condition, the higher the amount of topdressing fertilizer, the green vegetable production should apply enough base fertilizer to control topdressing, generally apply 15kg of pure nitrogen per acre, 2/3 as base fertilizer, 1 /3 for topdressing, deep application.
3. Pay attention to the scientific application of chemical fertilizers: First, the application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is prohibited. The second is to control the amount of chemical fertilizer. Generally, the nitrogen application rate per mu should be controlled within 15kg of pure nitrogen. The third is to apply deep and early. Generally, the ammonia nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and the urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm. Early application is beneficial to the early growth of crops, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Practice has proved that after a certain treatment before urea application, it can also quickly improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce pollution in a short period of time. The treatment method is as follows: take 1 part of urea, 8-10 parts of dry and moderately suitable soil, mix and mix evenly and then store in a dry room, cover the plastic film on the lower cover, and pile up for 7-10 days to do the topdressing. The fourth is to be combined with organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
4. Fertilization due to soil, seedlings, and seasons: different geology, different seedlings, different seasons of fertilization, fertilization methods should be different, low-fat vegetable land, nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer can be applied to fertilize soil. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage of vegetables is beneficial to the early growth of vegetables. The summer and autumn seasons have high temperatures and high nitrate reductase activity, which is not conducive to the accumulation of nitrates.
5. New method of fertilization: 1 spray brown sugar (white sugar) solution. For example, spraying 0.2%-0.3% of brown sugar on leafy vegetables can increase the leaves, increase the chlorophyll content, and increase the disease resistance of the plants, generally increasing yield by about 10%. Note that the concentration of the sugar solution should not be too high, spray once every 5-7 days, usually 3-5 times; 2 foliar vinegar. Apply 1-2 days after the planting of the solanaceous vegetables, spray 400 times of vinegar solution every 5-7 days, and spray 3-5 times to increase the yield of vegetables by 10%-20%. When spraying vinegar, it is usually carried out in the afternoon, 40-50kg of vinegar per acre.
First, the principle of fertilization
In vegetable production, there are two ways for fertilizer to cause pollution to vegetables. One is the harmful toxic substances contained in the fertilizer, such as pathogens, parasite eggs, poisonous gas, heavy metals, etc. The second is the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to cause nitrates in vegetables. Accumulation in the body. Therefore, the application of fertilizer in green vegetable production should adhere to the following principles: organic fertilizer, supplemented by other fertilizers; base fertilizer, supplemented with topdressing; multi-element compound fertilizer, supplemented by single-element fertilizer.
Second, the type of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer: Organic fertilizer is the preferred fertilizer for the production of green vegetables. It has the advantages of long fertilizer efficiency, stable fertilizer, small fertilizer and other fertilizers, such as compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, cake fertilizer, green manure, mud fertilizer, crop straw, etc. .
2. Fertilizer: The production of green vegetables restricts the application of chemical fertilizers in principle. If it is really needed in the production process, it must be applied scientifically. The chemical fertilizers that can be used for green vegetable production include urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, mineral potassium, and superphosphate.
3. Biological bacterial fertilizer: Biological bacterial fertilizer has both long-acting effect of organic fertilizer and quick-acting effect of chemical fertilizer, and can reduce nitrate content in vegetables, improve vegetable quality and improve soil properties. Therefore, green vegetable production should actively promote the use of biological organisms. Fertilizer, such as rhizobium fertilizer, phosphorus bacterial fertilizer, active potassium fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing bacterial fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, complex microorganisms and humic acid fertilizer.
4. Inorganic mineral fertilizers: such as mineral potassium fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer.
5. Trace element fertilizer: a fertilizer formulated mainly from trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese and boron.
Third, fertilization measures 1. Re-application of organic fertilizer, less fertilizer application: sufficient organic fertilizer, can continue to supply the demand for nutrients throughout the growing period of vegetables, is conducive to the improvement of vegetable quality. Crop straw and livestock manure should be added to the fermenting agent and fermented at high temperature to make it fully decomposed before being applied to the vegetable field. During the fermentation, the fresh manure is put into a plastic bag, stacked or placed in a cylinder, and hot water is sealed, and naturally fermented at an ambient humidity of 15 ° C or higher, during the fermentation process and between 45 ° C. The addition of the quick-curing agent to the crop straw can be directly returned to the field, but after pulverizing it, the heap rot fermentation effect is better. The method of composting is to add 1-2kg of quick-killing agent per 100kg of crushed straw. After stacking, the surface is sealed with mud, and it is generally about 20 days to become fat.
2. Re-applying base fertilizer, less applied top dressing: Practice has proved that under the same base fertilizer condition, the higher the amount of topdressing fertilizer, the green vegetable production should apply enough base fertilizer to control topdressing, generally apply 15kg of pure nitrogen per acre, 2/3 as base fertilizer, 1 /3 for topdressing, deep application.
3. Pay attention to the scientific application of chemical fertilizers: First, the application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is prohibited. The second is to control the amount of chemical fertilizer. Generally, the nitrogen application rate per mu should be controlled within 15kg of pure nitrogen. The third is to apply deep and early. Generally, the ammonia nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and the urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm. Early application is beneficial to the early growth of crops, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Practice has proved that after a certain treatment before urea application, it can also quickly improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce pollution in a short period of time. The treatment method is as follows: take 1 part of urea, 8-10 parts of dry and moderately suitable soil, mix and mix evenly and then store in a dry room, cover the plastic film on the lower cover, and pile up for 7-10 days to do the topdressing. The fourth is to be combined with organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
4. Fertilization due to soil, seedlings, and seasons: different geology, different seedlings, different seasons of fertilization, fertilization methods should be different, low-fat vegetable land, nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer can be applied to fertilize soil. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage of vegetables is beneficial to the early growth of vegetables. The summer and autumn seasons have high temperatures and high nitrate reductase activity, which is not conducive to the accumulation of nitrates.
5. New method of fertilization: 1 spray brown sugar (white sugar) solution. For example, spraying 0.2%-0.3% of brown sugar on leafy vegetables can increase the leaves, increase the chlorophyll content, and increase the disease resistance of the plants, generally increasing yield by about 10%. Note that the concentration of the sugar solution should not be too high, spray once every 5-7 days, usually 3-5 times; 2 foliar vinegar. Apply 1-2 days after the planting of the solanaceous vegetables, spray 400 times of vinegar solution every 5-7 days, and spray 3-5 times to increase the yield of vegetables by 10%-20%. When spraying vinegar, it is usually carried out in the afternoon, 40-50kg of vinegar per acre.
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