Fermented feed production technology
Microbial fermented feeds are produced in a variety of forms. Applied microorganisms can produce high-quality feed protein raw materials using inexpensive agriculture and light industrial by-products, while at the same time enriching the feed with highly active beneficial microorganisms and their active metabolites. After more than 8 years of research, the author's microbial fermentation research group has made breakthroughs in the research of microbial fermentation production of the predecessors, and finally formed a unique mobile feed fermentation production technology. This article is about the traditional fermentation and the latest fermentation of the research group. The technical results are described below.
1 Basic principles for the selection of production strains
1.1 Safety
1 The bacteria itself does not produce toxic and harmful substances;
2 Will not harm the ecological balance inherent in the environment.
1.2 Effectiveness
1 The bacteria itself has good growth and metabolism, can effectively degrade macromolecules and anti-nutritional factors, and synthesize small peptides and organic acids and other small molecules;
2 It can protect and strengthen the balance of microflora in animals and promote animal health. This effect mainly refers to the number of advantages that can effectively improve and maintain beneficial microorganisms in the digestive tract of animals. It can achieve the goal in two ways: the strain used in the fermented feed itself is a beneficial bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of the target animal. By feeding a high proportion of fermented feed, the number of beneficial microorganisms in the digestive tract of the animal can be directly increased, and the beneficial microorganisms can be formed into an advantage. . Another way is to produce strains or metabolites that can selectively kill or inhibit harmful microorganisms, resulting in a beneficial bacterial population advantage. There are many ways to achieve this approach. The more common ones are: depletion of oxygen, lowering the system's redox potential; lowering the environmental pH; metabolites contain antibacterial substances that selectively kill harmful microorganisms such as E. coli and Salmonella. .
2 Fermented feed production technology
In addition to producing strains, the production process is also the key to determining the success or failure of fermentation technology. So far, domestic and foreign content about fermented feed production technology or production process mainly includes the following:
2.1 Qinghai
Favorable factors: traditional craftsmanship, long history and mature technology.
Limiting factors: strong seasonality, raw materials must be fresh; can only be used locally, basically can not be transported from a long distance; must be used up in a short time after opening; currently only used in the field of ruminants.
The history of Qingshui feed research is very long. There is a special discussion. The author will not repeat it here. Interested readers can refer to the “Qing Li feed standardized production technology†edited by Cao Lijun and Han Peng, and put forward a good technical method for production. Have a good reference value.
2.2 Using organic wastewater to produce single-cell protein or protein raw materials
This technology is mainly used for the purification of organic wastewater. Organic wastewater is mainly derived from wastewater from paper, alcohol, amino acid and organic acid industries.
In the 1960s, Candida tropicalis, which grew fast, used liquid continuous culture to treat papermaking wastewater, but the yeast produced had a bitter taste and was difficult to apply in feed. In the late 1980s, the research team led by Mr. Ren Shiyi, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, used C. tropicalis to continuously culture and treat alcohol wastewater. The yeast produced had good palatability, but due to the low content of organic matter in the wastewater, the dry matter in the culture solution was obtained. The rate does not exceed 1.0% and there is basically no commercial value.
Developed countries such as Western Europe and North America, especially Japan, the Netherlands and Finland, have invested heavily in research and production and disposal of organic wastewater. It can be said that in the production of some fermented products, the wastewater treatment equipment is invested even more than the investment of the fermentation equipment. At present, in the Netherlands and Finland, they do not produce large-scale fermentation products such as alcohol, amino acids and organic acids. They are not underdeveloped in their production technology, but they are not willing to pollute their precious water sources. The fermentation yield of glutamic acid, lysine, citric acid and alcohol in China is the highest in the world. It is not our fermentation level and extraction technology that is in the leading position in the world, but we sacrificed the ecology (mainly water source). The result of the temporary benefits obtained by cleansing. Even with the current enzyme preparation products, China's production is leading in the world, but the main technology is introduced from developed countries such as Denmark, the United States and Japan, and even some production companies are purely wholly-owned.
2.3 Solid aerobic fermentation to produce feed protein raw materials
This type of production was very popular in the 1980s and 1990s and was promoted and applied throughout the country. Among them, the well-known is the microbial combination fermentation advocated by Mr. Guo Weilie, which produces 4320 bacterial protein. This technology makes full use of the interaction between microorganisms (synchronous, reciprocal, symbiotic, competitive and antagonistic). It can be directly used for inoculation culture if it needs strict disinfection, which greatly simplifies the production process and reduces the production cost.
The inoculated microorganisms are mainly Candida tropicalis. This yeast grows rapidly and has a high metabolism, which can efficiently convert agricultural and sideline products into bacterial substances.
However, like the traditional fermentation process, the 4320 fermented product also needs to be dried, otherwise it is prone to spoilage. In addition, the degree of mechanization of this process is relatively low, which is also a common defect of the traditional solid-state aerobic fermentation, which requires more manual use for cumbersome operations such as material mixing and heat dissipation.
As labor costs and energy prices continue to rise, this technological advantage is now gradually being lost. According to the current production process, the processing cost per ton of 4320 protein (all costs except raw materials) is at least 800 yuan.
2.4 Solid-state anaerobic fermentation of high-activity biological feed
In order to overcome the shortcomings of the 4320 protein fermentation technology, in recent years, many researchers in China have proposed a variety of simple microbial anaerobic solid state fermentation production technology. Compared with aerobic fermentation, the energy consumption of anaerobic fermentation is low, and the heat generated by microbial metabolism is much smaller. The production process often does not need to mix and dissipate heat. As long as the fermented product is properly sealed, it will not spoil and deteriorate even after long-term storage.
At present, there are two successful examples of solid anaerobic fermentation bio-feeds: one is a bagged fermented feed suitable for farmers to produce their own products; the other is a bagged fermented feed produced by a large-scale production line. The microorganisms they inoculate are basically the same, mainly yeast, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus.
The fermentation bag suitable for the self-produced by the farmer is an ordinary sealed packaging bag. After the material is inoculated, the bag mouth is tied with a rope, and the moisture content of the material is between 30-40%. At the beginning, the yeast consumes residual oxygen in the bag for proliferation and respiratory metabolism, and also creates an anaerobic living environment for the lactic acid bacteria. Then, the yeast is subjected to glycolysis under anaerobic conditions to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide, and the lactic acid bacteria are simultaneously proliferated and metabolized to produce an organic acid. As the air pressure in the bag continues to increase, the alcohol and organic acid are continuously discharged from the bag, and the breeder can judge the maturity of the material fermentation according to the acidity and fragrance discharged.
Aerobic fermentation stage: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Anaerobic fermentation stage: C6H12O6 → 2 CO2 + 2 C2H5OH (ethanol)
In the summer, there is a clear acidity and fragrance after 3-5 days of fermentation. In winter, time needs to be extended. If the ambient temperature is below 12 degrees, the fermentation may be attributed to failure. Yeast has low metabolism for a long time at low temperature, and does not produce carbon dioxide, so that the external oxygen can contact with the inoculated lactic acid bacteria for a long time, which will cause the lactic acid bacteria to greatly reduce or even die.
The wire rope is a helical wire bundle made of steel wires with mechanical properties and geometric dimensions that meet the requirements. The wire rope is composed of steel wire, rope core and grease. A steel wire rope is a rope that is twisted into strands from multiple layers of steel wires, and then a certain number of strands are twisted into a spiral shape with the core as the center. In material handling machinery, it is used for lifting, traction, tensioning and carrying. The steel wire rope has high strength, light weight, stable work, not easy to break the whole rope suddenly, and reliable work. In 1834, European Olubert invented the world's first steel wire rope (smooth steel wire rope).
Wire ropes can be classified according to the material, surface condition, twisting method and purpose of the wire rope.
Classified by material
1. Carbon steel wire rope is made by twisting high-quality carbon structural steel wire as raw material.
2. Stainless steel wire rope, manufactured and twisted with stainless steel wire as raw material.
Galvanized Wire Rope,Steel Wire Rope For Oil Field,Lifting Wire Rope,Traction Wire Rope
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