2014 Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Universities Revealed Nano-Crystal Diamond Project

The 2014 “Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Chinese Higher Education Schools”, selected by the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Education, was recently announced in Beijing. After formal review, preliminary evaluation of the faculty, final evaluation of the director's office (expansion), and project publicity, 10 university science and technology projects such as nano-crystal diamonds with extremely high hardness and stability hosted by Yanshan University were evaluated for the top ten progress of science and technology in colleges and universities this year. .

According to reports, the "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress of Chinese Higher Education Schools" has been selected since 1998 and has been held for 17 sessions. This selection activity has played a positive role in improving the overall level of science and technology in higher education institutions and enhancing the scientific and technological innovation ability of colleges and universities, and has produced a large social impact and won a high reputation.

Introduction of the 2014 “Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Chinese Higher Education”

First, the new principle of single nanoparticle optical detection

Rapid detection of nanoscale particles is of great importance in environmental monitoring, early screening for malignancies, and national security. Sensing technology based on micro-nano optics has the advantages of no marking and anti-electromagnetic interference, which provides new opportunities for the above applications, but still faces challenges in terms of rapid detection and ultra-high sensitivity. To this end, it is urgent to propose a new optical sensing principle, break through the traditional detection limit, and obtain the ability to distinguish the detection of a single nano-scale particle. Academician Gong Qihuang and Xiao Yunfeng, researchers from Peking University, prepared ultra-high-quality solid-state optical microcavity devices, which greatly enhanced the interaction between light and matter, and achieved ultra-low threshold microcavity Raman laser emission. On this basis, they proposed a new method for detecting single-nanometer-scale particles using microcavity Raman laser mode splitting. Experimentally, they demonstrated the ability of the new method to detect individual 20 nm scale particles in a liquid environment. The realization of this method can not only significantly reduce the experimental difficulty, but also has good anti-noise ability. At the same time, they also cooperated with Professor Tong Limin of Zhejiang University to develop nano-fiber array sensors, which can quickly detect individual 100-nanometer particles and measure their size. These new principles and technologies will advance the detection limit of optical sensing to a single molecule level with real-time convenience.

The research results were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Advanced Materials (cover article). The work has received the attention of the international academic community and has been reported by many international science and technology media themes and has attracted the attention of the mass media.

Second, the network software theory, methods and techniques

The Internet is gradually evolving into a global ubiquitous computing platform, and its open, dynamic and uncontrollable features pose a series of major challenges to software technology. The team led by Academician Mei Hong of Peking University and Academician Lu Jian of Nanjing University began to explore Internet computing from the perspective of software from 2000, and proposed a new paradigm of Internet software - network software, and two consecutive projects in the National 973 Program. With the support of the establishment of a network software technology system, a series of important breakthroughs were made: an open and collaborative network software model was constructed to describe and standardize autonomy, synergy, evolution, situationality, and emergence. New features of Internet applications such as sex and credibility; proposed container system structure and related mechanisms to support on-demand collaboration and online evolution, support system autonomous management, design and implement runtime support platform for network software; Software architecture-driven software development and evolution methods.

As an academic concept independently proposed by Chinese scholars, the research on network software is at the international advanced level, and is in the international leading ranks in software components, software architecture, software adaptation and other technologies. He has published nearly one hundred academic papers in top international conferences and journals in the field of software, more than ten selected best/excellent/highlighted papers, dozens of topics/invited reports at international conferences, and a number of Chinese invention patents. International, national and industry standards; tools and systems developed have been applied in many large and medium-sized information systems at home and abroad; and won numerous national and ministerial-level scientific and technological achievements awards.

Third, the immune cell differentiation and development and functional regulation of new mechanisms

Why is the immune system accurately aware of the invasion of external pathogens and promptly initiate an immune response that can clear pathogens? This is a major scientific issue at the forefront of immunology. Dendritic cells with the function of "sentinel" are currently considered to play a key role, but it is not clear why dendritic cells have such specific immune functions. Cao Xuetao, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, studied the molecular mechanism of dendritic cell differentiation and development from a new perspective of epigenetic and protein modification, and found a dendritic cell with high expression selectivity. New long-chain non-coding RNA (named dendritic cell long-chain non-coding RNA, lnc-DC), which has not been reported for the development of dendritic cells, is why lnc-DC can determine the tree The developmental mechanism of the development of the dendritic cells has been the first to suggest that lnc-DC in the cytosol can directly bind to the phosphorylated protein signaling molecule STAT3, which plays a key role in the study of other life science phenomena and their RNA and protein. The mechanism of interaction has important implications and implications. In addition, the group found a protein molecule called Rhbdd3, which inhibits dendritic cell maturation and secretion of inflammatory factors, and prevents autoimmunity, how to control dendritic cells from over-activation to avoid autoimmune diseases. Sexual diseases occur.

This research enriches the understanding of the differentiation and development of immune cells and the mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases, and has a guiding role in vaccine development and disease immunotherapy. The results of the study were published in "Science" and "Nature Immunology" this year.

Fourth, the fast boat star and arrow integrated aircraft technology and application

This achievement is an original achievement achieved with the support of the National 863 Program. Aiming at the urgent need for sudden disaster emergency monitoring and rescue and disaster relief information support, the concept and method of integrated design of star and arrow were proposed and realized for the first time in the world, and the core technical problems of rapid development, rapid launch and rapid application of aircraft were solved. China’s solid-propelled mobile launch satellites were the first to succeed, creating the fastest imaging record for remote sensing satellites in China. The overall indicators of the project are domestically leading and internationally advanced, opening up new ways for China to respond quickly to the development of space technology and have achieved significant economic and social benefits.

The fast boat No. 1 satellite developed with this result was successfully launched on September 25, 2013. The earthquake in Pakistan, the earthquake in Taiwan, the Hualien earthquake in Taiwan, the Yutian earthquake in Xinjiang, the forest fire in Suining County, the flood in Honiara, the Malaysia Airlines MH370 After the loss of the passenger plane and the disaster prevention of the Chinese scientific research ship "Snow Dragon", the disaster situation monitoring was carried out in time, and the disaster information was quickly obtained. Especially during the earthquake rescue in Ludian, Yunnan Province, the fast boat No. 1 is the only high-resolution remote sensing satellite in China that has been re-visited for 15 consecutive days in the disaster area. It provides high-resolution seismic image in time, which is timely and comprehensive. Understanding the disaster situation, disaster assessment, and rescue and rescue command decisions provided strong information support.

As the first satellite with rapid response capability in China, Kuaizhou No.1 provides high-quality remote sensing for 61 user units in 19 provinces in real-time monitoring applications such as engineering construction, land use, mining area mining, hydrology and environment. image.

V. Phenotypic cloning and functional study of the dwarfing gene DWARF 53 in rice

There is a strong heterosis among the subspecies of rice, but there is a problem of high plant height in the crossbreeding hybrids. The use of some dominant dwarf genes can overcome the high plant height and effectively utilize the hybrid heterosis. Streptone is the third hormone found in 2008 to regulate plant branching, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant types, but its signaling pathways are poorly understood. This study used a rice dominant dominant dwarf mutant dwarf 53 (d53) to obtain the D53 gene by map-based cloning, which encodes a novel nuclear protein that is structurally similar to the class I Clp ATPase. It was found that in the presence of strigolactone, D53 protein can interact with two known strigolactone signaling molecules D14 and D3 to form D53D14SCFD3 protein complex, which makes ubiquitination of D53 protein. Proteasome-specific degradation induces downstream target gene expression, allowing the strigolactone signal response. For the first time, the results confirmed that D53 protein, as a suppressor of the strigolactone signaling pathway, is involved in the regulation of plant branching (蘖) growth and development, which has important scientific significance. It not only provides an important theoretical basis for the improvement of rice plant type, but also provides useful genes and materials for the utilization of hybrid heterosis.

The result was officially published in the form of Article Research on December 26, 2013, "Nature", and has been cited 31 times by SCI. The magazine's News & Views column published a special review for this study, which believes that "the discovery of D53 protein has provided positive help for the study of strigolactone and other hormonal signaling pathways, and has a profound impact on the regulation of plant nutrient distribution and utilization. ".

Sixth, high-temperature gas-cooled reactor main fan project prototype development

The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor main blower project prototype project is supported by the national science and technology major project, which combines the strength of innovation between universities and enterprises, and has achieved significant results. The successfully developed high-temperature gas-cooled reactor main blower fan is the world leader in both power and technology level, and is the main technical difficulty in the research and development of advanced nuclear power technology in the world's high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. This achievement is a major breakthrough in China's independent innovation in the core equipment technology of advanced nuclear energy, and is of great significance to the construction of China's independent innovation of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor power station.

The main blower fan is the heart equipment of the high temperature gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant. In the development process, several major technical problems were solved, such as the overall design of the main blower, the development of large-scale helium-inlaid vertical high-speed motors, the dynamic analysis of the rotor supported by electromagnetic suspension bearings, and the development of high-performance impellers. Development of high-current, high-voltage differential, high-voltage primary-circuit boundary electrical penetrations.

The rotor of the main blower fan is supported by the latest modern scientific and technological achievements of electromagnetic bearings. The fan rotor weighs about 4 tons and is fully supported by electromagnetic suspension bearings. It achieves non-contact, wear-free operation and does not require a lubrication system. This is the first time in the world that electromagnetic bearing technology has been used in reactor equipment.

The main fan project prototype is responsible for the overall technology and provides electromagnetic bearings by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University. It is also responsible for the commissioning and testing of the whole machine. Jiamusi Motor is responsible for the motor, and Shanghai Electric Blower Factory is responsible for the impeller and the complete assembly and test platform. CNNC is responsible for project management and quality assurance. Its successful development is also a major achievement in the collaborative innovation of advanced nuclear energy technologies.

7. Nano twinned diamond with extremely high hardness and stability

Natural diamonds have long been considered the hardest material in nature. Since the successful synthesis of diamonds in 1955, the synthesis of materials that are harder than natural diamonds has become a common dream of the scientific community and the industry. The Chinese and foreign research team led by Professor Tian Yongjun of Yanshan University, under the guidance of the established hardening model of polycrystalline covalent materials, successfully synthesized nanocrystalline twin crystals with extremely high hardness and thermal stability by using onion carbon as precursor. The average thickness is only 5 nanometers. Nano-twisted diamonds have a Vickers hardness of 200GPa, which is twice that of natural diamonds. It realizes the dream of humans synthesizing harder materials than natural diamonds; its toughness is doubled compared to diamond single crystals, and its antioxidant temperature is higher than natural The diamond is above 200 degrees Celsius. Significant improvements in hardness, toughness, and thermal stability will double the life of such superhard tools.

The results were published in the June 2014 issue of Nature, and the magazine cover and catalogue pages were separately read, entitled "Extreme Diamond: Nano Twins Synthesizes Its Hardness and Thermal Stability to the Summit" and "Hard Science: Synthetic diamonds are getting stronger," the magazine's News & Views column, "Diamonds have become harder," also details the work. This achievement has attracted wide attention and high praise from the academic community. The journals such as Nano Today and Materials Today, as well as the Science and Technology Daily, Reference News, Huffington Post, Chicago Forum, Los Angeles Times and other news media and science websites have all reported.

8. Study on the changes of intestinal flora in cirrhosis

In July 2014, the team led by Academician Li Lanjuan of Zhejiang University, for the first time, determined the characteristics of the intestinal microbiome of cirrhosis through intestinal micro-ecological metagenomics. The results were published in the journal Nature.

The study obtained 2.69 million non-redundant gene sets of human intestinal microflora, and for the first time established the world's first cirrhosis intestinal flora gene set, containing 2.69 million genes, of which 36.1% were 970,000. The first discovered genes; at the same time, clarified the structural changes of intestinal flora in cirrhosis; and through cluster analysis of gene markers, it was found that 28 kinds of bacteria are closely related to cirrhosis, and many of them are in cirrhosis For the first time in patients, 38 were closely related to healthy people. In addition, the first discovery of oral bacteria in patients with cirrhosis invaded into the intestine, and this phenomenon in healthy people may have an important impact on the development of cirrhosis; 15 highly specific and sensitive microbial genes were also found, and predictions were established. The model of the disease will not only help the diagnosis of cirrhosis, but also the evaluation of the efficacy of cirrhosis.

This is the crystallization of the 20-year research on micro-ecology of liver disease by the research team led by Academician Li. They have done a lot of hard research on the mechanism of micro-ecology in the development of liver disease, and have achieved a series of original results, with significant international influence. In September 2013, Academician Li Lanjuan was elected as the chairman of the 5th International Human Microorganisms Alliance (IHMC) and became the first Chinese to hold the chairmanship of the organization. At the same time, as the president of the conference, the 2015 Luxembourg International Conference on Human Micro-ecology will be held to lead the development of international micro-ecology.

IX. Characteristics and mechanisms of global warming mitigation

In the past decade or so, man-made greenhouse gases have accelerated their emissions, but the global surface temperature has increased at a significantly slower rate. These phenomena have led some people to question the impact of human activities on global warming. And climatologists have been working to find the physical essence behind the phenomenon. The latest collaborative research by Professor Chen Xianyu from Ocean University of China and Professor Ka-Kit Tung from the University of Washington in the United States shows that the pace of global warming has not slowed down, but the distribution of heat in the various components of the climate system has changed. Over the past decade or so, the oceanic hot salt circulation has transmitted more heat from the climate system to deeper oceans, slowing the rate of temperature rise on the Earth's surface.

The thermal salt circulation on the Atlantic surface transports tropical high-temperature, high-altitude brines to the northern North Atlantic, where the seawater loses heat to the atmosphere, becomes heavier and sinks into the deep ocean, and forms deep waters of the North Atlantic to the south. By analyzing the observed data, Chen Xianqi and Ka-Kit Tung discovered that the temperature and salinity of the sea in the northern North Atlantic continued to rise in the late 1990s. It is speculated that the sinking branch of the oceanic hot salt circulation may become stronger and transport to the deep ocean. A large amount of heat slows down the surface temperature. The analysis shows that similar phenomena occurred in the 1950s and 1970s. The temperature and salinity of the ocean in the 0-1500 m layer of the North Atlantic have significant and simultaneous multi-decadal oscillation characteristics.

This achievement demonstrates that the ocean plays a vital role in the regulation of climate warming and highlights the importance and urgency of enhancing ocean observation simulation and analysis to improve climate prediction.

X. New technology for producing high quality clean gasoline by complex ionic liquid carbon tetraalkylation

Environmental requirements are increasingly stricter calling for cleaner gasoline. Carbon tetraalkylated gasoline has the advantages of high octane number, no sulfur, no olefin, no aryl, etc. It is the most ideal clean gasoline blending component. The traditional process uses concentrated sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid as a catalyst, and there are serious problems such as serious equipment corrosion and potential environmental pollution and personal hazards, and its industrial application has been increasingly challenged. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly carbon tetraalkylation technology has been the focus of the world's refining industry.

The research team led by Professor Xu Chunming and Professor Liu Zhichang of China University of Petroleum (Beijing) has innovatively developed a complex ionic liquid catalyst with high activity and selectivity. It has successfully developed a new process for complex ionic liquid carbon tetraalkylation. Catalyst activity monitoring method and regeneration technology; successfully developed special equipment such as pipeline reactor and hydrocyclone, and built the world's first "100,000 tons/year composite ionic liquid carbon tetraalkylation industrial plant". Industrial operation results show that the product octane number is as high as 97 or more, the tale oil catalyst equivalent consumption is 5 kg, and the tonne oil consumption is 157 kg EO. According to the results of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, “the technology has independent intellectual property rights, and the overall technology is at the international advanced level, with broad application prospects and promotion value”. The successful application of this technology provides a brand-new solution for the cleanliness and overall quality upgrade of commercial gasoline in China and the world.

The technology won 17 international invention patents, 10 Chinese invention patents, and published more than 30 papers. In September 2014, he was awarded the only special award for technical invention by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.

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