Quality evaluation of aquatic feed ingredients and their optimized combination in formula
Aquatic feed ingredients are the basis of feed quality, feed value, aquaculture benefit, and food safety of aquatic products. However, how to evaluate the quality of feed ingredients in real time and the real-time utilization of the evaluation results, the application of the optimal combination of raw materials requires comprehensive, Real-time, dynamic, and research on economic value and aquatic product safety.
For the quality of aquatic feed products, feed ingredients are the basis, feed formula is the key, feed processing is the guarantee, feed feeding is the link between feed and culture, growth rate and feed efficiency are the effects, fish health is very important, the weight of the culture unit The feed cost of fishery products is the end result. Therefore, the quality of the feed ingredients at the basic level is very worthy of attention.
China's aquatic feed development has only been around 30 years old, and there are still many basic research and application technology issues to be studied. There is no forbidden zone in academic research, but scientists must be moral. Academic research is more about the need for systematic research. Applied technology research requires more comprehensive, real-time, dynamic, and research on economic value and aquatic product safety. Research should open up ideas and innovative research.
In the absence of more research results, it is also important to ask questions correctly. Properly asking a question is equivalent to solving half of the problem.
1. Understand the nutritional value, economic value and safety value of feed ingredients under the aquatic feed technology system
The quality of feed ingredients is not an isolated event, and the quality of feed ingredients should be recognized and analyzed throughout the feed quality system. A brief analysis of the basic content of the aquatic feed quality system can be found in Table 1.
Under the industrial system and industrial technology system, how to recognize the role of aquatic feed ingredients?
1 The basic status of feed ingredients is a key point in the feed industry and aquaculture industry.
The quality base, value base and economic benefit basis of the feed raw material aquatic feed industry are also the basis for the growth of farmed fish and the basis of health. The source of food safety for farmed animal products is feed, and the source of feed safety is feed ingredients, so it is also edible for aquatic products. The basis of security.
Therefore, the basic status of aquatic feed ingredients can be reflected as: the quality basis of feed, the value basis of feed, the basis of breeding benefits, and the food safety basis of aquatic products.
2 How to understand the role of non-nutritive substances on the farmed aquatic animal health?
Feed is not only a matter of feed enterprises, but also the economic basis of aquaculture and the foundation of aquatic product safety.
We have more understanding and understanding of the nutritional value and role of feed ingredients and compound feeds. The effects of non-nutritive substances, especially some toxic and harmful substances, are often neglected. As a result, they interfere with the function of normal nutrients and obtain Below the performance results that should be achieved, it also brings side effects to farmed animals, even the toxic side effects on cultured aquatic animals, destroys the normal health maintenance system and immune defense system of farmed aquatic animals, and also affects the quality of aquatic feed.
Each farmed animal has its greatest growth potential and immune defense capacity. Breeding animals can only exert their maximum growth potential only when they have healthy physiological conditions. The health of cultured aquatic animals is greatly affected by feed factors (especially non-nutrient substances in feed). The so-called "disease is a disease that is eaten" Certainly, how can feeds ensure that farmed animals are not sick? If farmed animals are treated in a sub-healthy or unhealthy state, how can they maximize their growth potential? The disease resistance and disease prevention of farmed animals mainly depend on the role of their own immune defense system. If the animal's own immune defense system is destroyed, in addition to the significant increase in the probability of disease, the growth rate of itself is the largest. Growth potential will also have significant adverse effects that will significantly affect feed efficiency. Therefore, the quality of feed ingredients is the basis of feed safety quality, while feed safety quality and nutritional quality are the basis for the health of farmed aquatic animals; and the health of farmed animals is also an important basis for their maximum growth potential and feed efficiency. Under the whole feed technology system, the quality of feed ingredients and the quality of feed on the health of farmed animals are very important. Feed is one of the important foundations for the normal operation of aquaculture.
3 Industrial technology must be systematic
Under the aquatic feed technology system, the technology of a single link must be integrated and connected, and a systematic technical system must be formed. This is an important foundation and technical guarantee for the standardized development of the aquaculture feed industry and aquaculture industry. There are two points worth studying here: first, the direct connection of industrial technology in different industrial links, and second, the systematicization of industrial technology.
For the technical connection problem of different industrial links, taking feed raw materials as an example, feed raw materials mainly come from the by-products of grain and oil processing, while grain and oil processing are generally only concerned with this link, and the quality of raw materials is rarely considered. Claim. For example, rice bran, if the rice bran is expanded at the same time as the rice is processed, and the activity of the lipase in the rice skin is destroyed, the shelf life of the rice bran can be greatly extended, and the rice bran can be a feed material that can be stored. In the process of processing soybean oil, rapeseed oil and cottonseed oil, if the high temperature (120 ° C) is considered to reduce the effective lysine loss of the cake raw material, the temperature of the oil seed raw material tableting and extrusion can be appropriately reduced; At the same time, considering the influence of the quality of feed ingredients and the anti-nutritional factors of feed ingredients, the nutrient value and safety of plant cakes can be effectively improved in the processing of oils by removing soybean shells, rapeseed shells, cottonseed hulls and cotton fibers. Safety value. Taking feed fats and oils as an example, aquatic animals have good utilization efficiency for feed fats and oils, but excessive oil in feed may cause oil oxidation and feed granulation, if we use some high-fat raw materials such as puffing. Rice bran, rapeseed, soybean, oil sunflower, etc., can effectively solve the impact of high-fat feed on safety quality and processing quality, and also have a good effect on the breeding process, so that the quality of feed can be effectively exerted.
Taking the feed feeding technology as an example, how the quality and specifications of the feed pellets are coordinated with the fish caliber and feed feeding methods, and different types and sizes of fish are mixed in a pond, except for the quality of the feed. It is important to consider the specifications of the feed pellets, the processing quality, the feeding method, and the determination of the feeding amount. In many actual productions, in the same multi-species fish pond, the carp grows well, but the polyculture head carp grows poorly. To a large extent, there are problems in the coordination of feed processing quality and feeding technology.
Regarding the systematic problem of the aquafeed industry technology, the systemic requirement is that in addition to the technical requirements in different links, it is more important to request the source of raw materials for feed, the quality of raw materials, the quality of feed, the quality of processing, feed feeding technology, The technology of different aspects such as feed safety should be systematic. Any problem in one link will make the technical advantage of the entire industry difficult to reflect. This requires studying the technical issues of different links in the entire industrial technology system.
China's aquatic feed industry technology can only achieve real industrialization after it is systematized. In the process of systematization, there are still many problems to be studied, including the development and application of some processing software, such as feed raw material database, real-time detection equipment and data processing of feed ingredients, real-time detection results of feed ingredients and real-time feed formulation system. Docking, feed enterprise quality management system, etc. There are a large amount of data, pattern sheets and other materials, relying solely on manual processing and analysis, and can not meet the needs, must develop the corresponding software system for processing.
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Second, the quality of aquatic feed ingredients evaluation is worthy of attention
1 How to evaluate feed ingredients
(1) Feed ingredients should return to their authenticity
Each feed ingredient has its essential authenticity. All evaluation indicators and evaluation methods are to reflect its authenticity, including the authenticity of the nutrient type and content, the authenticity of non-nutrient substances and content.
When the quality standards of raw materials are formulated, purchased and formulated, they must also be operated according to their authenticity. For example, with regard to the requirement of raw material protein content, it is necessary to set a true dynamic range of variation allowed.
Microscopic analysis methods and sensory identification methods for feed ingredients are still effective.
How to quickly and accurately reflect the authenticity of feed ingredients requires a long way to go.
(2) Quality variation of feed ingredients
Under the condition of authenticity of feed ingredients, the factors causing its quality variation mainly include animal, plant and microbial varieties, processing methods and conditions, geographical conditions, and natural variation during planting and breeding (such as mycotoxins). ), natural variation (freshness) in the storage process, etc.
For example, with regard to plant cake materials, plant varieties have different types and contents of nutrients and non-nutrients, and different processing methods lead to large temperature differences during processing, and at higher temperatures (such as cold sour mustard). The temperature of the seed cake is 80 ° C, and the processing temperature of rapeseed meal is 120 ° C). The Maillard reaction results in a large difference in the effective lysine content (such as cold raw mustard seed cake and rapeseed meal effective lysine). The content may vary by more than 10%).
The most difficult to grasp is the quality variation caused by the mixing of raw materials and the interference of human factors. Such as rapeseed meal, cotton aphid mixed with tung oil seed meal, tea seed meal and so on.
(3) The evaluation index and evaluation method of raw materials require innovative development
According to the current technical methods, some technical methods need to be modified, and some new experimental methods need to be established.
How to answer an important question: How big is the difference between animal protein raw materials and vegetable protein raw materials? What is the difference between eating meat and vegetarian food for aquaculture animals? Where is the difference? Are those substances causing the difference?
The breeding effect of each raw material is the most effective and comprehensive evaluation index and method for evaluating the value of a raw material. We now generally evaluate the digestibility based on the digestibility of a raw material, and whether it is possible to establish an evaluation index and evaluation method for each raw material and the actual breeding effect of a specific cultured object. For example, based on the growth rate and the feed coefficient, the weight of the feed material consumed by the unit growth rate or the unit feed coefficient can be referred to as the comprehensive evaluation index of the feed target for the specific culture target. In the specific method, referring to the "30+70" feed preparation method for measuring the digestibility of the feed, 70% of the feed ingredients to be tested are added to 30% of the base feed, and the culture test is carried out to determine the growth rate and the feed coefficient. The weight of the feed material consumed by the unit growth rate (specific growth rate SGR) or the unit feed coefficient is calculated as "feed feed weight kg/SGR or feed coefficient". On the basis of determining the breeding potency of each raw material, the corresponding economic potency, utilization rate and other indicators can be calculated. And based on this as the basis for the preparation of feed formulations.
Evaluation methods for the trueness and effectiveness of proteins are also worth discussing. Determining protein digestibility is an effective method, but it is time consuming and costly; while true protein assays are not reliable; protein solubility is not equivalent to protein digestibility. Can we establish a method for the in vitro digestibility of specific cultured subjects? The digestibility of the cultured animal (intestinal or hepatopancreatic extract) was measured for its protein digestibility under ex vivo conditions, and the relative digestibility was mainly evaluated.
(4) How to evaluate non-nutrient substances in feed ingredients
Includes non-nutrient species and their role in the culture of animals.
Some recent studies have found that aquatic animals have different tolerances and maximum doses to anti-nutritional factors in plant protein materials, which are different from terrestrial animals, including anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal, rapeseed meal and cotton aphid. . However, there is still a lack of more systematic and reliable research results.
Oxidized fats and their products in feeds are more harmful to aquatic animals, but systematic, in-depth and reliable research is needed. For example, which substances have toxic side effects. There is still a lack of systematic research on the action sites, action pathways, and mechanism of action of farmed animals, and thus lack of systematic prevention methods.
The hazards of mycotoxins in feeds on cultured aquatic animals are currently the weakest areas of basic research and applied technology research.
The range of doses of minerals from nutrients to toxicity is small, but which types of minerals are toxic at high doses? How to coordinate the quality of supplemental minerals and the amount of feed ingredients still requires systematic research.
It is necessary to study the role of crude fiber in the raw materials for aquatic products, the blending of aquatic products, the content control, and the differentiation of cultured species.
The role of residues in the processing of feed ingredients, such as oil leaching solvents, has hardly been studied.
(5) How to evaluate the freshness of feed ingredients
Freshness is an important evaluation content of the quality variation of feed ingredients in the process of processing, storage and transportation. The content of quality variation includes the spoilage of proteins, the oxidative rancidity of oils and fats, the contamination of microorganisms of feed ingredients, especially molds. At present, more emphasis is placed on the spoilage of proteins, such as the determination of histamine and base nitrogen. The evaluation index of fat oxidative rancidity is still not perfect.
The effective method for judging freshness is still sensory identification. A good method for systematic freshness evaluation indicators is worth studying.
(6) Evaluation of oxidation and rancidity of oils and fats
Changes in the evaluation index of several lipid oxidation processes.
We determined the acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, malondialdehyde of lard, soybean oil, soybean meal, rapeseed oil, rapeseed meal, Jiangsu cottonseed oil, Xinjiang cottonseed oil and tilapia oil under artificial oxidation conditions. Fatty acid composition.
The test results show that (see Table 2 - Table 5), in the oxidation process, the sensitivity of oxidation index of different kinds of oils and fats is different. When evaluating the degree of oxidation of oils and fats, the oxidation index should be selected according to the type of oils and fats. Among them, 1 tilapia oil The measured oxidation index changes obviously compared with other oils, and its oxidation stability is the worst; 2 soybean powder and rapeseed meal have the smallest change in oxidation index, and their oxidation stability is significantly better than the corresponding oil; 3 tilapia oil, rapeseed The acid value of oil and soybean oil changed greatly during oxidation, and the acid value could be used as one of the sensitive indexes to evaluate the oxidation degree. However, the acid value index of lard and cottonseed oil did not change significantly during the oxidation process, and the oxidation product was produced. The amount of acidic substances is relatively small; compared with soybean oil, rapeseed meal and rapeseed oil, the acid value of the oil is not significantly changed during the oxidation test, and the oxidation stability of the oil in the raw material may be corresponding. High in fat. 4 Iodine price can be one of the sensitive indicators to evaluate the change of unsaturatedness in the oxidation process of rapeseed oil, tilapia oil and cottonseed oil, while the unsaturation change of lard in oxidation process is not significant; soybean powder and soybean oil, vegetables Compared with rapeseed oil, seed meal has little change in iodine value and higher oxidative stability. 5 Animal oils tilapia oil and lard produce more malondialdehyde in the oxidation process. The toxic side effects of fish are large; the amount of malondialdehyde produced by oxidation of vegetable oils is less than that of animal oils, and the toxic side effects on farmed fish after oxidation are relatively low. Within 6-70h, the fatty acid composition of each oil has a certain change with the prolongation of oxidation time.
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2 Real-time evaluation of feed ingredient quality and real-time utilization of evaluation results
(1) Real-time evaluation of feed ingredient quality
The meaning of the real-time evaluation of the quality of feed ingredients means that the feed enterprises should evaluate the quality of all raw materials in each batch and each batch, including the evaluation of nutritional quality, safety and hygiene quality. This requires the establishment of a practical indicator system and fast, accurate testing equipment and testing methods. Test indicators include water, starch, fat, protein, fiber, amino acid, calcium, phosphorus, salt and so on.
The near-infrared analyzer can realize fast and batch detection by using the analysis method established by different elements and components corresponding to the absorption principle of different bands. However, in terms of detection accuracy, it is necessary to establish a corresponding feed material database and its software analysis system.
(2) Real-time utilization of feed quality evaluation results
The use of the quality evaluation results of feed ingredients not only stays at the level of whether the feed ingredients are available, but also whether it is worthy of use. More importantly, the real-time test results are entered into the feed formulation system in real time, and the feed formula is fine-tuned in real time. Reducing a dime of feed waste is also a contribution to the economic benefits of the company.
(3) Need to establish a feed ingredient quality database
The establishment of a database of aquatic feed ingredients is to improve the accuracy of the results measured by the near-infrared analyzer and to improve the effectiveness of the evaluation of the quality of the feed ingredients. More importantly, the feed enterprises manage the quality of the feed ingredients and test the results in real time. Applied to the feed formulation system. It is difficult to meet the needs of the comparison of the quality results of feed ingredients by artificial means, and it is necessary to establish a corresponding software system for management, processing and utilization.
The content of the database should include the results of different varieties of different raw materials, different production methods, different origins, different production enterprises, different suppliers, different seasons (times), different storage periods, etc., including nutritional quality results, safety and health quality results. Quality variation (especially the result of artificially causing mass variation), in addition to the data results, the microscopic analysis of the image database is also very useful.
(4) It is necessary to establish a software system for real-time docking of the feedstock quality test results with the formulation system.
We can buy better feed formula software, but there is still work to do if the quality test results of different batches of raw materials are connected to the recipe system in real time. The results of the quality test of feed ingredients are connected to the feed formulation software system in real time, which is also an important basis for standardization of feed formula, standardization of feed production and industrialization.
Third, the optimal combination of aquatic feed ingredients
1 Nutritional complementation of feed ingredients
Based on the amino acid composition pattern of fish muscles, based on the amino acid composition of feed ingredients, the amino acid patterns of different feed ingredients and different feed ingredients were analyzed. It was found that only the combination of rapeseed meal and cotton aphid (at 1:2 or 2:1) Within the range), there are significant amino acid complementarities, which provide a basis for the use of rapeseed meal and cotton aphid in aquatic feed. At the same time, it also provides a direction for the combination effect of rapeseed meal and cotton aphid with soybean meal. We should study more about the characteristics of Chinese cabbage, cotton aphid nutrition, anti-nutritional factors, and combination effects.
If we study from the complementary effect of the breeding potency of feed ingredients, there may be new discoveries, because this is a comprehensive complementary effect study. The focus of formula research is the complementarity and combination of feed ingredients, and more effort should be spent on this issue.
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2 Modular combination of feed ingredients
The most basic task of aquatic animal nutrition and feed science is to realize the most effective transformation and utilization of feed animals by the feed technology and feeding technology on the basis of expounding and respecting the principles of animal nutrition and nutrition, in the protected waters. Under the conditions of the ecological environment, we can maximize the aquaculture products that meet human needs.
Under the circumstance that we do not fully understand the nutritional needs of most aquaculture animals, China's aquaculture industry is still relying on natural environment conditions, and it is still very industrialized and standardized. The long way to go. Therefore, in order to promote the healthy development of China's aquatic feed industry, it is necessary to gradually move towards industrialization and standardization. In the initial stage of development, the modelling of aquatic feed formulations, the modularization of feed ingredients, and the dynamics of market nutrition standards (marketization) will be implemented. Its important practical value and practical significance.
We can compare the actual effects of the two formulas: one is based on the chemical determination results of the nutritional value of the feed ingredients, the nutritional value of the feed calculated by the formula, and the actual breeding effect, whether the coordination of these three results can meet our needs . The second is based on the actual nutritional value of the feed ingredients and the breeding potency, the nutritional value of the feed obtained by modularizing the feed ingredients through the feed formula, and the actual breeding effect. The actual breeding effect obtained by the above two formulas will be different, and which way is more practical.
The modular treatment of feed formula is actually based on the actual breeding potency of feed ingredients, and the different types of raw materials are modularized. Different formulas must be included in the feed formula; the focus of formula preparation is more on feed ingredients. The actual breeding potency, rather than the single measurement of the nutritional value of the feed ingredients and the calculation of the nutritional value of the feed, while also dynamic processing of feed nutrition indicators, such as feed protein, more concerned with protein The effectiveness, not the final content of the feed, even if the feed protein content is low, but the actual breeding potency is high, it can also achieve the same or better breeding results as the feed protein content is higher, and the actual breeding potency is lower.
The feed raw material module mainly includes: animal protein raw material module, plant protein raw material module, starch raw material module, oil raw material module, mineral material module, vitamin and other additive module.
Why separate animal protein materials from plant protein material modules? Mainly because of the lack of research on the differences in nutrition and culture effects between animal protein and plant protein, animal protein has a significant effect on the breeding of feed and is an indispensable concern in feed.
The oil and fat raw material modules are listed in a single row because the breeding effect of the oil in the feed is particularly remarkable, and the toxic and side effects of the oxidized oil are also remarkable.
3 Ways to use innovative feed ingredients
At present, the use of oils and fats in aquatic feeds is gradually increasing, while the feed processing problems caused by high-fat feeds, fatty liver diseases caused by high-fat feeds, toxic side effects caused by oxidized oils, oil prices and resources Volume problems and the like are gradually emerging and must be studied. Among them, the use of innovative feed ingredients is worthy of attention. For example, if the total amount of grease is more than 6% for hard pellet feed, how does the feed formulation and feed processing work? The upper limit of direct addition of fats and fats in hard pellet feed is about 3%. In addition to the problem of feed cost, the bigger problem is that the pulverization rate of pellet feed is significantly increased, and too much fat in the feed is stored. The oxidation problem during storage is also very prominent. At this time, it is possible to use raw materials such as rapeseed, soybean, and high-fat rice bran (puffed rice bran) because the oil in the raw material is more stable, and the granulation effect and the stability of the granules are better; By adding some oils and fats, the fat content in the hard pellet feed can reach 6-9%. If the direct use of rapeseed, soybean, oil sunflower and other raw materials in the expanded feed is better, the puffing granulation temperature is 130 ° C, and the heat sensitive anti-nutritional factor has been inactivated.
Direct use of corn, wheat, cassava, sweet potatoes and other raw materials in feed is also a problem worth studying.
For feeds that need to be supplemented with pigment in the feed, we can study the use of feed ingredients such as carrots and pumpkins in the feed directly, which is safer and more economical.
4 in combination with the optimization of the raw material of the feed safety
Feed safety has a direct effect on the health and immune defense ability of aquaculture animals, and has a direct impact on the actual breeding effect of feed. If the use of high-quality feed can increase the survival rate of farmed fish by 10%, the feed coefficient can be significantly reduced and the feed cost can be significantly reduced.
(1) The safety of feed ingredients is one of the important contents of the quality assessment of feed ingredients.
The types of non-nutrient substances in the feed ingredients include intermediates and final products of oil oxidation, mycotoxins, anti-nutritional factors, heavy metals, and residual pesticides.
(2) The basis of feed safety is the safety of feed ingredients.
The safety of the compound feed consisting of highly safe feed ingredients is effectively guaranteed.
(3) Treatment methods for feed safety and feed material safety
The technical methods of feed safety guarantee are mainly the following three methods:
1 active prevention
In the selection of feed ingredients, on the basis of the safety assessment of feed ingredients, the active selection of feed ingredients with safe safety is compounded, which is an effective method for feed safety.
2 reduction processing
For example, for mycotoxins in feeds, additives can be used to adsorb mycotoxins and excrete them to reduce their effects on the health of farmed animals.
A better method is to use an effective additive such as an enzyme with mycotoxin decomposition to directly decompose the mycotoxin in the feed or in the digestive tract to reduce the harm.
3 damage repair treatment
There may be a small amount of harmful substances in the feed, which may cause a certain degree of damage to the intestines, hepatopancreas, etc. However, some functional feed additives may be used in the feed to have an effective repairing effect on the damage caused. Of course, the premise of this treatment is that the harmful effects of harmful substances in the feed on the intestinal and hepatopancreas of the fish must be at a level that can be repaired.
Venous cannula is also a deep venous puncture catheter. The method is to select the appropriate puncture site and insert the needle under the skin, and insert the needle with negative pressure until the dark red blood is absorbed, indicating that the needle has entered the vein, and the guide wire is inserted. Withdraw the puncture needle to leave the guide wire in the blood vessel, and then insert the venous catheter that needs to be indwelled along the guide wire, then exit the guide wire, inject diluted heparin saline and fix the catheter, the deep venous catheterization is completed. The veins for puncture and catheterization are usually selected clinically, including the subclavian vein, internal jugular vein, and femoral vein. After the puncture catheter is indwelled, attention must be paid to the care of the puncture site to avoid infection with thrombus or catheter falling off.
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