Laser cutting characteristics and its application
First, the main characteristics of laser cutting:
1. Laser cutting has narrow slits and small deformation.
The laser beam is focused into a small spot that achieves a high power density at the focus. At this time, the heat input by the beam far exceeds the portion that is reflected, conducted, or diffused by the material, and the material is quickly heated to an intensification level to evaporate to form a hole. As the beam moves relatively linearly with the material, the holes are continuously formed into slits of narrow width. The trimming is minimally affected by heat and there is essentially no deformation of the workpiece.
An auxiliary vapor body suitable for the material to be cut is also added during the cutting process. The steel is cut with oxygen as the auxiliary vapor and the molten metal to generate an exothermic chemical reaction to oxidize the material, while helping to blow away the slag in the slit. A type of plastic for cutting polypropylene uses compressed air, and flammable materials such as cotton and paper are cut to use an inert gas. The auxiliary vapor entering the nozzle also cools the focusing lens, preventing smoke from entering the lens holder and contaminating the lens and causing the lens to overheat.
Most organic and inorganic materials can be laser cut. In the metal processing industry where industrial manufacturing systems are heavily weighted, many metal materials, regardless of their hardness, can be cut without distortion. Of course, for high reflectivity materials such as gold, silver, copper and aluminum alloys, they are also good heat transfer conductors, so laser cutting is difficult or even impossible.
Laser cutting without burrs, wrinkles, high precision, better than plasma cutting. For many electromechanical manufacturing industries, modern laser cutting systems controlled by microcomputer programs can easily cut different shapes and sizes. It is often preferred over die cutting and molding processes; although it is slower than die cutting, However, it has no mold consumption, no need to repair the mold, and saves the time for changing the mold, thereby saving processing costs and reducing production costs, so the overall consideration is more representative.
Another way, from the perspective of how to adapt the mold to the design size and shape of the workpiece, laser cutting can also take advantage of its accuracy and reproducibility. As a preferred manufacturing method for the laminated mold, since an advanced mold maker is not required, an additional advantage is that the mold produces a shallow hardened layer (heat affected zone), which improves the wear resistance during the operation of the mold. The non-contact characteristics of laser cutting give the circular saw blade a stress-free advantage in cutting and forming, which increases the life of the saw blade.
2. Laser cutting is a non-contact processing with high energy and good controllability.
The laser beam is focused to form a very small point of action with very strong energy, and its application to cutting has many features. First, the laser light energy is converted into amazing thermal energy that is kept in a very small area, providing (1) narrow straight edge slits; (2) minimal adjacent heat affected zone of the trimming; (3) minimal local Deformation. Secondly, the laser beam does not exert any force on the work. It is a contactless cutting tool, which means (1) no mechanical deformation; (2) no tool wear, and no problem with tool conversion; (3) cutting The material does not have to be considered for its hardness, that is, the laser cutting ability is not affected by the hardness of the material to be cut, and any hardness material can be cut. Thirdly, the laser beam is highly controllable and has high adaptability and flexibility. Therefore, (1) it is convenient to combine with the automation equipment, and it is easy to automate the cutting process; (2) Since there is no limitation on the cutting work, the laser beam It has unlimited contour cutting ability; (3) combined with computer, it can discharge the whole board and save materials.
3, laser cutting has a wide range of adaptability and flexibility.
Laser cutting has greater flexibility than other conventional processing methods.
First, as with other thermal cutting methods, as a thermal cutting process, other methods cannot act as a laser beam on a very small area, resulting in a wide slit, a large heat affected zone, and significant work deformation. Lasers can cut non-metals, while other thermal cutting methods do not.
(1) Oxygen-combustible (such as acetylene) is cut. This method is mainly used for cutting low carbon steel. Due to its large heat input effect and low cutting speed, it is rarely used to cut materials with precise dimensions below 20mm.
(2) Plasma cutting. The cutting speed is obviously faster than that of oxyacetylene cutting, but the cutting quality is poor, the top of the trimming edge is rounded, the cutting edge is obviously wavy, and the ultraviolet radiation generated by the arc is also prevented. It is slightly better than laser cutting in that it is suitable for cutting thick steel plates and aluminum alloys with high beam reflectivity.
(3) Molding. Mold punching methods for mass production of parts have low cost and short production cycle. However, its adaptability to design changes is very poor. New molds require long-term design and high cost. For medium and small-scale production, the characteristics of laser cutting will be fully displayed. In addition, laser program-controlled cutting facilitates the tight alignment of the workpiece, saving material, while the die-cutting requires material reservation around each work.
(4) Sectional punching of complex parts. In general, punches often have to cut a workpiece that is much larger than the size of the mold. Some work is still complicated, which results in many small shell-like edges on the trim and requires a second preparatory finish. In addition, the punch will form a slit that is much wider than the laser cut, producing a large amount of iron filings.
(5) Sawing. Cutting thin metal is significantly slower than laser cutting, and the laser acts as a flexible, non-contact, profiling tool that cuts from any point in the material and cuts in any direction. At this point, sawing is difficult to do.
(6) Electrical processing. Generally, there are two methods of electric sparking and electrochemical processing using electrocorrosion or melting effects, which are used for fine processing of hard materials, and the slit roughness is good, but the cutting speed is several orders of magnitude slower than the laser cutting speed.
(7) Water cutting. Many metal materials can be cut, but at a higher cost.
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