How to distinguish the superiority and inferiority of Kistler from the true and false

First, the pros and cons of stone products

The merits of the stone supply can be measured according to certain evaluation criteria. Here, there are both general and general standards, as well as classification criteria for similar comparisons by different categories and different stone types. Whether it is a universal standard or a classification standard, it should include both science and art. This is indispensable. At the same time, because the ornamental elements and physical and chemical properties of the various stone types are different from each other and have different styles, their appreciation and aesthetic standards are also different. We also need special evaluation when we supply individual stones. note.

We must also remember that Kistler is a natural product after all, so it cannot be kept in accordance with the rules and regulations. The so-called "big craftsman can give people rules and can't make people clever."

(1) Completeness. It refers to whether the overall shape of the stone is perfect, whether the pattern is complete, whether there are any unnecessary or missing parts, and whether the color matching is reasonable, whether the stone muscle and the stone skin are natural and complete, and whether there is any flaw.

The stone is generally not allowed to be cut and processed, and it must be kept as natural as possible. If someone is carving or decorating, it belongs to the art of stone carving. Some stone-seekers are extremely strict, and even the bottom-cutting behavior is not allowed. It is believed that the stability of the bottom can only be adjusted by the base. However, some stone species, such as Yingshi, can't be taken if they don't cut the bottom. Therefore, the behavior of cutting the bottom cannot be generalized.

Before evaluating a stone supply, it is necessary to carefully examine its integrity from top to bottom, front and back, left and right, and if there are obvious defects, it should be discarded. Pay special attention to whether there is any breakage; if some stone is broken after bonding, there will be traces at the bond.

(2) Modeling. Refers to the shape of the stone, which is the first thing to comment on the figurative stone and the abstract class.

“Crinkle, thin, leaky, transparent, ugly, show, and odd” is an important factor in the appearance of Taihu Stone, Lingshi Stone, Yingshi, Mohu Stone and other similar stone species. All the above seven elements are prepared, and their shapes must be beautiful.

wrinkle. The surface of the stone muscles is undulating, with varying variations, pleated and curved, with a sense of wind and frost. ("wrinkle", also refers to the texture of the stone skin, after details.)

thin. The shape should avoid bloating, the skeleton should be solid and graceful, and the outline should be clear.

leak. In the undulating curve, the bumps are obvious, and there are caves, which are full of meaning.

through. Ethereal and translucent, exquisite and pleasing, marked by holes with different sizes, can show the innocence of the background, it is imaginative.

ugly. The more abstract concept is all about comprehending the stone when you choose the stone and the stone, and "turning the decay into magic." In the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi put forward the "positive beauty" that combines beauty, ugliness and blame in a glimpse of "the road is one." Later generations Su Dongpo and Zheng Banqiao proposed the "Ugly Stone View". The significance is that you should not appreciate the beauty of the beauty to appreciate the stone, to be extraordinary.

Show. It seems that there is a contradiction between "ugly" and it is a unity of opposites. Emphasis is vivid and vivid, elegant and elegant, elegant and human, avoiding arrogance and domineering.

odd. The shape is rare in the same kind of stone, it is unforgettable and the personality is extremely unique.

Lingshi Stone, Yingshi, Boshan Wenshi, Honghe Stone and many other stone species have natural landscape stones. In the section "Classification of Stones", various forms of natural landscape stones have been roughly introduced. Those who are difficult to match with the above cannot be included in the top grade. The top grade natural landscape stone should also meet the following two conditions: male and stable.

male. Refers to the extraordinary momentum, or magnificent, or tall and powerful.

stable. The ratio of front, back, left and right is symmetrical, in line with the natural state of a certain landscape. At the same time, the base should be stable, and the mountain should not give a feeling of restlessness.

Each stone has an abstract stone and a high proportion. Comment on whether their styling is beautiful, Taihu Stone and so on are evaluated by the "seven elements", and some stone species, such as Honghe Stone, Heluo Stone, Yellow River Stone, Huijiang Stone, etc., are combined with their points, lines and surfaces. Whether it is perfect to review. In the abstract stone, there is often a focus of attention. The extension of this point is the line, the directional extension is a straight line, and the direction extension is a curve. The stone is a three-dimensional image of art. In three-dimensional space, a line is the boundary line of a face. In three-dimensional space, the shape is the body formed by the surface, and the line is attached to the boundary of the shape to change. When the abstract stone shape composed of points, lines and faces is smooth, or appears to be quiet, or looks dynamic, it has an aesthetic sense. As for its height, it should be evaluated on a specific stone.

There are also figurine stones in the pebbles such as the Yellow River Stone and the Minjiang River. The form is vivid and precious. The stone-collector Li Weixin introduced an oblate pebbles in the article "Wonderful Ornamental Stones": "One big head and one small head, due to the difference of weathering, the black stone of the mezzanine is displayed, forming a naughty monkey head, that big and round Black eyes, high and wide forehead and brow bone, straight and long nose and small nostrils, thin face and so on are really wonderful. The most expressive is the mouth, the thin lips happen to be staggered, showing A funny face. A figurine like this is undoubtedly worth cherishing.

(three) color. Each stone has different requirements. Kunshi stone and stalactite stone are crystal clear and snow white, and yellow wax stone is frozen with pure yellow. Taihu stone is green and white, and mountain green stone is green and black. Lingshi stone and Boshan stone are black and black. Stones are oily and black, and many of them are colored stones. Simple color or multiple colors may be included in the top grade, but the color is not clear, and the confusion is not flowing.

In general, the colors of figurative stone and abstract stone are better in the dark and quaint dark series. Especially the landscape stone, due to the influence of traditional landscape painting, has always attached importance to the creation of artistic conception, in order to seek the deep and deep landscape, advocating the dark series. Such as black, dark green, brown, purple, deep red and so on. The most opaque and irritating "bright" color of the color.

The above is only a general principle and cannot be generalized. For example, some of the white lingering color is white, the jade is clear, and other conditions such as styling are well matched, and naturally it may become the top grade. The landscape of the Lushan Greenstone is in the form of landscape. Although the green and white chapters are just right, they also have the best appearances, such as the “Snow Mountain Snow” of Color Figure 12.

(4) Stone. Stone includes factors such as hardness, density, texture, and luster. Among them, hardness is the key to determining the quality of stone.

Hardness - The ability of a mineral to resist some external mechanical action, especially scoring, usually measured by a Mohs hardness tester. The Mohs hardness standard is divided into ten grades, with ten rocks representing their hardness. The stone should have appropriate hardness, the stone is too soft, easy to be brittle, weathered, and the texture is loose and porous, giving a sense of ruin; the stone is too hard and has shortcomings. Too high hardness often leads to lack of mood, and elegant atmosphere. It is difficult to reach a situation where you can't get bored. Therefore, the hardness of the stone should be at least 4 degrees, preferably not more than 7 degrees.

Appropriate hardness, there is a sense of weight, the degree of condensation is also high, it looks delicate and firm, and the gloss is also strong. For example, the Lingshi stone that has been admired by the past is very superior in stone quality, and its hardness is about 6 degrees. The stone is dense and uniform, with a sense of weight and warmth. The stone texture of Taihu Lake is relatively loose, and the stone quality of the two shows a difference. As for the plate stone, the hardness is only 4 degrees, although its shape is also changed, but it is closer to it, it is obvious that it is loose and extremely brittle, and it is not the same as Taihu Stone.

In addition, some rocks are coarse and crystallized, because the crystals are diffusely reflected by the light, making them feel unsmooth and unclean.

The same is true for pebbles. Some pebbles (the "rain stone" that will be mentioned in the next chapter) contain agate, which is hard and dense, and looks clean and lovely. Most of the pebbles are limestone, sandstone, metamorphic rocks, and the stone is rough. Such a pebble texture can not only add color to the styling texture pattern, but also tends to reduce color, and the difference is easier to distinguish.

(5) Stone sound. A good stone, slammed with a hard stick, can make a pleasant sound. This situation is not only reflected in the stone wall, but also in other stone, in the contrast of the same stone species, can also be distinguished. For example, Ying Shi, Song Ren Lu You said in the "Old School Notes": "The best of its kind is warm and green, and the sound of the sound is like gold jade.... The color is dry and the sound is like the dead wood.

(6) Stone muscles. Stone muscle is the surface of the stone. Stones with a certain hardness, exposed to the wind and rain in the mountains, or in the river bed long-term water flow impact, the softer part of the skin will naturally peel off into the stone muscle, while the hard part has been washed, it will become round. In general, stone muscle with oil luster, diamond gloss is the top, glass gloss, metallic luster is second, matt is the worst. Stones often say "run", "warm", mainly refers to good gloss. The lustrous stone appears to be relatively dry, and the surface is always covered with a layer of dust, which is not ideal. As early as in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Xizhen pointed out in "Dong Tian Qing Lu": "The color is so cute, the boring is not expensive."

Naturally formed stone muscles, the most elegant and elegant. Most of the stone-rock muscles have undulating changes in the streaks, and one of the meanings of "wrinkles" refers to this. Common are walnut, candied, sword, diced, rice, honeycomb, Venus, jade and so on. Some stone species, such as Boshan Wenshi, have wrinkles on the stone surface, similar to the technique of Chinese landscape painting, and more correctly, it is the painter who carefully observed the crepe of the stone and created the "defamation method". . Borrowing the terminology of Chinese painting techniques, the crepe lines of the stone stone are roughly axe, paralyzed, cirrus, and crepe.

Stone, especially natural landscape stone, shiny and wrinkled, it is both spiritual and simple, so the stone muscle is the most ideal.

(7) Texture. Refers to the pattern of the stone surface. For the pattern stone, whether the texture is beautiful and eye-catching is the primary factor in the review. For other stone supplies, it is also important to match the texture. The texture on the rock is mainly in the diagenetic period, or the rock is dyed by the mineral liquid. Secondly, the rock is weathered in the later stage, and various patterns are formed. For example, in Guangxi Honghe Stone, the original rock is light gray fine sandstone. After being crushed, it is impregnated with red iron oxide. After weathering, the base color is yellow, and some show yellow and red. In addition, white veins are formed if fine veins of calcite or quartz are poured into the rock. The waterfall in the natural landscape stone is formed like this.

(8) Volume. Refers to the size of the stone. The size of the body generally does not constitute a factor in the merits of the stone, but it is a reference to the price when it is used as a commodity. However, if the stone is too small, it will be difficult to reflect the landscape of the clusters, and it is not easy to attract attention. It is only suitable for playing in the hands; if it is too large, it is not suitable for the general house cleaning, only for the hall hotel. Exhibition, garden decoration. The height of the stone is generally above 5 cm, preferably below 100 cm. 5 cm to 20 cm for small stone, 20 cm to 65 cm for medium-sized stone, and 66 cm to 100 cm for large stone. This standard is relatively speaking, for example, the stone is only 40 to 50 centimeters high, but the length and width are beyond the height. This is undoubtedly a large stone.

Second, the counterfeiting and identification of famous products

There is no such thing as true or false stone. However, the stone has the value of viewing, collecting, and spreading. It can be used as a commodity circulation. There is a difference between the various stone types in terms of value and quantity. Therefore, such stones are also posing as a kind of stone. The problem. Such problems have been produced since the Song Dynasty. The ancients have taken effective testing measures based on practical experience.

Some of the Taihu stone forms are similar to the Lingbi stone, and the sniper is also slightly vocal. Some people will use the Taihu stone to blacken the spirit stone. How to distinguish? Because the hardness of Lingshi is higher than that of Taihu Lake, the base of the scraping stone can be gently cut with a sharp edge when testing. If it is scraped, it is a false wall. In addition, although Taihu Lake has white veins, it is far less clear and numerous than the white stripes in the black stone. This is also a method of distinguishing.

Because of the difference between water and drought, the stone in Taihu Lake has been washed by waves, and there are “靥” in the stone surface, commonly known as “ballistic nest”, and the stone is warm. The dry stone has a long history, and the stone surface is flat and dry, which is not expensive. Then some stone merchants cut out the dry stone axe into the pits, and then sink into the lake with the net, and then pick it up in a year or two, and sell it with water. Distinguish between water stone and dry stone, mainly depends on whether the stone pit is natural or not, and whether the stone muscle is round and shiny. The above is the experience of the ancients to identify and identify stone.

In modern times, it is necessary to distinguish whether the stone is genuine or not, and whether it is pretending to be a famous stone. This can be identified according to the introduction of the section entitled “Special Stones”; in addition, it depends on whether the shape is artificially processed.

There are two main methods for man-made processing. One is the embellishment, the other is the axe chiseling, sawing the bottom, and drilling the hole.

The purpose of affixing is often to increase the oddity of the stone. In the Song Dynasty, the painter and stone merchant Li Zhengchen had many strange stones in their homes. "The peaks of the stone, there are foreign strangers who are affixed to each other to increase the danger, this is quite a lot in the Li family" (see "Yunlin Stones"). Sticking is mainly used for figurative stones, so you should pay attention to the peak of the stone when observing the natural landscape stone. When observing the pictographic stone, you should pay attention to the protruding parts (such as hands, feet, wings, facial features, etc.) to see if it is stunned with the main body. One, whether there is a sticky mark.

Axe chiseling, cutting, and sawing are not suitable for most stone supplies (except for special stone types such as 崂山绿石, marble, etc.). The ancients used the axe chisel hacksaw to make it easier to distinguish, because the traces were more obvious, and modern people used hydrochloric acid to blur the false marks, which made it difficult to distinguish. Some people now use a more ingenious electric drill to increase the value of the stone. Because there are many types of drills and grinding wheels, you can drill holes and grind peaks where you need them. A piece of landscape stone that was not originally eye-catching, after such processing, has a concave and convex shape, and the peaks are stacked and the valley is deep. Moreover, the processor often uses fine sand and hydrochloric acid stains after grinding the hole. Inadvertent people are often difficult to distinguish between true and false. If the stone-shaped person is processed or not, it must be carefully identified. If the naked eye is not working, you can use a magnifying glass to carefully observe the specific part of the stone. First, see if there is any difference between the stone table and its place. Is there any "burst spot" or "drilling flower chisel"; then see if the texture changes suddenly. Then see if the color has subtle changes in shades. Older experienced people can often distinguish between true and false by feeling, so the processed stones are often difficult to trace in their eyes, just like an ancient porcelain is in the palm of a high-quality porcelain, and it can be said that it is almost the same in an instant. There may not be much theory in the quality of stone masters, but their intuition and experience are very valuable.

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